The Ecosystem of the Southern Coastal Water of the East Sea, Korea II. Primary Productivity in and around Cold Water Mass

Han, Myung-Soo,Jang, Dong-Hyuk,Yang, Han-Soeb The Korean Society of Oceanography 1998 Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography Vol.33 No.4

$^{14}$C uptake experiments were carried out in and around the cold water mass in the southern part of the Korean East Sea in August and October 1995 to assess spatial and seasonal variability of primary productivity and its relation to physical and chemical factors. The cold and high saline water mass in the bottom layer extended upward to the surface layer and developed along the eastern coast of Korea in August. Chlorophyll-a concentration was maintained high in the cold water mass through August to October and its maximum concentration was 6.3 ${\mu}$g 1$^{-1}$ at Stn. 209-4 in August. Primary productivity and daily primary productivity ranged from 0.29 to 8.02 mgC m$^{-3}$ hr$^{-1}$ and from 58.3 to 63.1 mgC m$^{-2}$ d$^{-1}$, respectively, throughout the study period. Primary productivity of the cold water mass was higher than that of offshore waters in both summer and autumn seasons. P$_{max}$ and I$_{max}$ of the cold water mass in August were higher than those in October, except Stn. 208-5. These results suggest that high primary productivity in the cold water mass may be established by the upwelled nutrients and light adaptaion to convected phytoplankton due to upwelling of the bottom waters.

Distribution of 90Sr in coastal seawater, sediments and organisms off two atomic

Yang, Han-Soeb 부경대학교 수산과학연구소 2003 硏究業績集 Vol.27 No.-

Distribution of Particulate Organic Matter in the Gampo Upwelling Area of the Southwestern East Sea

Yang, Han-Soeb,Oh, Seok-Jin,Lee, Haeng-Pil,Moon, Chang-Ho,Han, Myung-Soo,Kim, Bok-Kee The Korean Society of Oceanography 1998 Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography Vol.33 No.4

The distribution of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC and PON) and chlorophyll a of particulate organic matter was investigated in the southwestern East Sea in August and October 1995. The upwelled 'cold water mass' with temperature less than 14$^{\circ}$C occurred near the Campo coast in August. At most of the onshore stations, concentrations of POC and PON were high in surface water, rapidly decreased with depth down to 30 m and then remained constant. Differences in their concentrations between surface and bottom waters were larger in August than in October. At the offshore stations, POC and PON were higher in surface than in deep waters though the differences in concentration were small. The highest, vertically integrated inventories of POC, PON and phytoplanktonic carbon in the upper mixed waters of the onshore stations occurred in August. The mixed layers at onshore stations showed relatively high percentages of POC, PON and chlorophyll a in total suspended matter, low ratios of POC to chlorophyll a and high inventories of phytoplanktonic carbon, compared with the values at offshore stations. These phenomena were more obvious in August, when cold water mass developed strongly, than in October. These results indicate that primary production plays a significant role for the budget of particulate organic matter in the upwelled cold water mass of the southwestern East Sea.

Factors controlling excess radium in the Nakdong River estrary, Korea : submarin

Yang, Han-Soeb 부경대학교 수산과학연구소 2003 硏究業績集 Vol.27 No.-

득량만 표층수중 영양염류의 시공간적 분포특성: 1. 영양염류의 계절변화와 기초생산 제한인자

양한섭 ( Han Soeb Yang ),김성수 ( Soung Soo Kim ),김규범 ( Gue Buem Kim ) 한국수산학회 1995 한국수산과학회지 Vol.28 No.4

한반도 남서연안에 위치한 득량만에서 1992년 7월부터 1993년 3월까지 계절별로 염분과 영양염류의 농도를 측정하여 득량만 표층수중 영양염류의 시공간적 변화특성과 기초생산 제한인자의 계절변화에 대해 고찰하였다. 염분의 평균농도는 추계에 가장 낮고 춘계에 가장 높았으며, 용존무기질소는 동계에 가장 높고 하계에 가장 낮았다. 그러나, 인산염과 규산염은 하계에 가장 높았으나, 최소값은 인산염의 경우 추계와 동계에, 규산염은 추계에 나타났다. 계절별로 다소의 차이는 있으나, 염분은 만 입구쪽에서 북쪽으로 갈수록 점차 낮아지는 경향을 보이며, 득량도 서쪽이 동쪽 보다 다소 낮았다. 용존무기질소는 하계의 경우 거의 고갈된 농도를 보이나, 나머지 계절에는 고염수가 존재하고 있는 만의 입구쪽 정점들에서 상대적으로 높고 만의 안쪽에서는 거의 고갈된 농도를 보인다. 인산염은 하계의 경우 염분과 상반된 분포를 보이며, 춘계의 경우 만 입구쪽 정점들에서 상대적으로 높은 농도를 나타내는 것을 제외하면 추계와 동계에는 거의 고갈된 농도를 보인다. 규산염은 하계의 경우 염분과 상반된 분포를 보이나 나머지 계절에는 염분과 유사한 분포양상을 보인다. 용존무기질소는 하계의 경우 만의 전 해역에서 생물생산의 제한인자로 작용하고 있으나, 나머지 계절에는 만의 안쪽 해역에서만 제한인자로 작용하고 있다고 생각된다. 인산염은 추계와 동계에는 전 해역에서 생물생산을 제한하고 있으나, 춘계의 경우는 만의 안쪽 해역에서만 제한인자로 작용하고 있다고 생각된다. 규산염의 경우는 담수의 공급량이 작은 동계와 춘계에 만의 안쪽 해역에서 규조류의 생산을 제한하고 있다고 생각된다. 인산염과 규산염은 하계의 경우 염분과 부(-)의 상관성을 나타내는 것으로 보아 주로 담수의 유입에 의해 만내로 공급되고 있다. 그러나, 나머지 계절에는 용존무기질소와 규산염의 농도가 염분과 정의 상관성을 나타내는 것으로 보아 용존무기질소 및 규산염 농도가 비교적 높은 외해수가 만내로 유입되고 있음을 의미한다. In order to see the seasonal variation of nutrients and the limiting factors to the primary productlon in Deukryang Bay, both dissolved inorganic nutrients and salinity were measured in the suface waters during the periods from July 1992 to March 1993. The mean value of salinity was the lowest in fall and the highest in early spring. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. However, both phosphate and silicate were the highest in summer and the lowest in fall. Salinity was generally higher in the outer region than in the inner region of the bay. DIN content was nearly depleted (less than 2μM) in summer. From fall to spring, DIN content was nearly depleted in the inner region and relatively high in the outer region of the bay. Phosphate was the highest in summer showing an opposite distribution pattern to salinity, and it was nearly depleted (less than 0.1μM) in fall and winter. In spring, however, phosphate content was slightly high in the outer region. Silicate content showed an opposite distribution pattern to salinity in summer. In other seasons, however, the distribution pattern of silicate was similar to the salinity. DIN seemed to be a limiting factor for the primary production at all area of the bay in summer and at the inner region in other season. However, phosphate seemed to be a limiting factor at all area of the bay in fall and winter and at the inner region in spring. Silicate may limit the production of diatoms at the inner region of the bay in winter and spring. Both phosphate and silicate showed a good inverse relationship with salinity in summer, which indicates inputs of these nutrients from the freshwater runoff. In the other seasons, both nitrate and silicate showed a positive linear relationship with salinity in the outer region of the bay, suggesting that these two nutrients were mainly supplied by the inflow of the offshore costal water which had high nitrate content associated with vertical mixing.

부산 남동지역 연안 대수층내 지하수의 지화학적 특성과 유출

양한섭 ( Han Soeb Yang ),황동운 ( Dong Woon Hwang ) 한국수산과학회 2007 한국수산과학회지 Vol.40 No.3

금강 하류역에서 수질의 시공간적 변화특성

양한섭,김성수 한국수산학회 1990 한국수산과학회지 Vol.23 No.3

금강본류역의 20개 지점에서 1988년 5월부터 4개월 동안 매월 1회씩 화학성분들을 측정하고, 4월에는 지점 2와 지점 9에서 25시간 동안 연속관측을 실시하여 금강 하류수역의 수질특성과 그 변동요인에 대해 연구하였다. 하구둑 상류 300m (지점 2)에서 4월에 측정한 표·저층수 중 염분의 시간변화는 군산항 조석주기와 거의 일치하였고 규산염, 용존무기태질소 및 질산염의 시간변화는 염분분포와 거의 대칭적이었다. 염분과의 관계로부터 규산염과 질산염의 대부분은 보존적인 거동을 하며 해수의 유입은 하천수 중 이 두 성분의 농도를 희석시킨다. 반면에 인산염은 염분농도와 관계없이 비교적 낮은 농도로 시간별 변화폭도 크지 않다. 이는 대부분의 용존 인산염이 무기침전물이나 현탁물질에 의해 흡착제거 되고, 또한 흡·탈착 과정에 의해 인산염이 완충되어 있기 때문이라 추측된다. 한편 탁도는 최저염분을 나타내는 시간부터 약 4시간 동안 비교적 높았고, pH는 염분의 시간변화 모양과 유사하나 시간별 pH의 변화는 매우 완만하다. 그러나 COD와 용존 산소포화도는 일반 내만역에서의 시간변화 모양과 유사한 것이 특징적이다. 즉 비슷한 염분범위에서 광합성능이 큰 10시 이후 주간에 측정한 COD값이 야간 보다 높으며, 호흡작용이 활발한 야간에는 염분농도가 낮을수록 COD는 낮아지고 AOU값은 커진다. 성분별로 다소의 차이는 있으나 표·저층수간 농도차가 매우 작으며, 규산염, 용존무기태질소 및 질산염은 표층이 다소 높고, 그외의 성분들은 저층이 약간 높다. 하구둑 상류 약 35㎞의 강경(지점 9)에서는 염분이 한번도 검출되지 않았으나 수위의 시간변화 폭은 약 2.5m였다. 그러나 대부분의 화학성분들은 수위의 변화 만큼 시간별 농도차가 크지 않고 지점 2에서 보다 매우 완만한 농도변화를 보였다. 규산염, 용존무기태질소, 암모니아의 농도는 지점 2에 비해 월등히 높은 반면 pH 및 인산염은 다소 낮고 그외의 성분들은 지점 9가 약간 높다. 지점별로 보면 해수의 영향을 가장 많이 받는 지점 1과 2, 그리고 하구둑으로부터 상류 40∼55㎞의 지점들에서 pH값이 비교적 높으나 그외의 수역에서는 지점별 차이도 적고 pH값도 낮다. COD및 용존산소포화도 역시 pH값이 높은 지점들에서 가장 높았으나, 그 수역을 중심으로 상류 및 하류로 갈수록 점차 감소하였다. 이와같이 지점 11과 지점 15 사이에서 이들 세 성분이 높은 것은 식물의 광합성작용에 의한 것이라고 사료된다. 현탁물질은 하구역 특히 하구둑으로부터 300m에서 약 20㎞까지의 지점들(지점 2에서 지점 6)에서 매우 높은 값을 보이며 이는 조석작용으로 해수와 담수가 강제혼합되면서 표층퇴적물이 재부유하기 때문이라고 판단된다. 영양염류는 월별로 다소의 차이는 있으나, 대체적으로 지점 1과 2에서 가장 낮고, 상류로 갈수록 점차 증가하며 지점 7 상류역이 하류역에 비해 높은 농도이다. 월별로는 7월에 규산염, 용존무기태질소 및 암모니아의 농도가 가장 높은 반면에 용존산소포화도는 가장 낮다 그러나 지점 14 상류역에서는 5월에 측정한 용존무기태질소, 암모니아, 인산염 및 COD값이 7월보다 다소 높거나 비슷하다. 한편 영양염류와 COD값은 대체적으로 8월에 가장 낮으나 용존산소포화도는 가장 높다. Various chemical constituents were measured from April to August 1988 at the downward 20 stations of Keum River, which is located in the Midwest of Korea, to understand the characteristics of water quality with respect to spatio-temporal variations of each constituent. The 24-hrs continuous measurements with 2-hrs interval were made simultaneously at station 2 near the estuary weir and station 9(Ganggyeong) of 35㎞ upstream from the weir in April. By the results observed for one day in April at station 2, salinity has a range of 7.88∼ 22.14‰ and its temporal variability is identical to the pattern of tidal cycle in the neighbouring Kunsan Harbor. However, turbidity shows relatively high values only at an interval of 4∼5 hours after the lowest salinity time, though hourly fluctuation of pH is very small. Silicate and dissolved inorganic nitrogen have inversively linear correlationships with salinity, implying the concentration of the two nutrients strongly regulated by estuarine mixing of sea and river waters. In contrast, phosphate sustains roughly a constant level over a wide salinity range and distinctly lower values than those corresponding to nitrate in the oceans. Such distributions of phosphate have been observed in some estuaries, and interpreted as driven by removal of dissolved phosphate into bottom sediments and the buffering of phosphate by particulate matter. COD values at station 2 are relatively high in daytime(particularly afternoon) and in high-salinity periods. At station 9, saltwater intrusion was never found but water level changed to the extent of 2.5m for one day. Although each parameter at this station exhibits very slight variations in their abundance for 24 hours compared with station 2, the contents of COD, silicate and ammonia are significantly higher than at station 2. Concentration of suspended matter is relatively high in the brackish water region up to ∼20㎞ above the river mouth, probably due to strong tidal stirring of the bottom deposits. Also, relatively high pH, COD and O₂ saturation at the upward stations of 40∼50㎞ from the weir are presumably attributable to active photosynthesis of plants in the region. In general, COD and nutrients except phosphate are higher values at the upper stations than in the estuary zone, and show the highest abundances in July nearly at all stations.

진해만 퇴적물의 퇴적속도와 중금속 오염

양한섭,김성수,김규범 한국환경과학회 1995 한국환경과학회지 Vol.4 No.5

In the Chinhae Bay, Korea, sedimentation rates and sedimentary record of anthropogenic metal loads were determined by ^210Pb dating and heavy metal analysis of four sediment cores. The sedimentation rates varied from 0.16g/㎠/yr(3.1㎜/yr) at Sta. C4, located within narrow waterway to 0.24g/㎠/yr(4.8㎜/yr) at Sta. C1, located in Haengam Bay. Maximum contents of Mn, Zn, Cu and Cr were observed at Sta. C2 located near the mouth of Masan Bay, while minimum contents were observed at Sta. C4. Mn/Fe ratios at Sta. C2 and Sta. C4 showed gradually increasing and decreasing downward, respectively, in the upper layer of sediment cores. This suggests that Mn may be diagenetically redistributed in highly reduced environment. At Sta. C2, the concentrations of Zn and Cu began to increase from 1920s by anthropogenic input and have been remarkablely increasing since mid 1960s. At Sta. C3, located near Sungpo, anthropogenic input of these two elements has also slightly increased after 1970s. However, pollution of these two elements was not significant in Haengam Bay(Sta. C1) and Chiljun waterway(Sta. C4). The pollution of Co, Ni and Cr was not remarkable in all core samples except surface sediment of Sta. C2. The total input of anthropogenic Zn and Cu since 1920s was estimated to be 28∼792 ㎍/㎠ and 0∼168㎍/㎠, respectively. Sta. C2 showed remarkablely higher values relative to other stations: anthropogenic loads of Zn and Cu constituted 27% and 29% of the total sedimentary inventories at the present day, respectively. Fe, Ni, Cr and Co contents showed good correlation(r>0.8) with each other. Anthropogenic Zn and Cu also showed a very good positive correlation(>0.9). However, correlation between these two group of element was quite scattered, indicating different sources and geochemical behaviors.

대기 에어로졸의 체류시간과 화학조성 : 2.부산지역 에어로졸의 체류시간 2. Residence Times of Aerosols in Pusan

양한섭,전은주,김영일,옥곤 한국환경과학회 1999 한국환경과학회지 Vol.8 No.2

To estimate the residence times of aerosols in air, the activities of ^210Pb and ^210Po in aerosols were measured at 4 sites in Pusan. All aerosol samples were collected by a high volume air sampler from January to October 1996. The activities ^210Pb and ^210Po in Pusan were varied from 11.77 to 67.57 dpm/1000㎥ and from 2.63 to 15.91 dpm/1000㎥, respectively. The mean activities were 34.62 dpm/1000㎥ for ^210Pb and 8.24 dpm/1000㎥ for ^210Po. The highest values of the activities of ^210Pb and ^210Po were appeared at P3 site and the lowest values at P4 site. During the sampling period, the trends of the activities of ^210Po and ^210Pb were similar to total suspended particulate matter(TSP) concentrations. The mean residence times of atmospheric aerosols calculated from ^210Po/^210Pb activity ratio was about 60∼80 days in Pusan. The longest residence time of atmospheric aerosols was in January because of the lack of rainout and washout, but the shortest residence time was in August, largely due to scavenging effect by frequent rains. The activities of ^210Po and ^210Pb in atmospheric aerosols were different in time and space, which seems that the distribution of ^210Po and ^210Pb activities and scavenging processes in air may be controlled by the local and meteorological conditions.

한반도 근해의 해류와 해수특성 : Ⅱ . 여름철 제주도 주변해역 중저층에 출현하는 수괴의 지리적 분포와 화학적 특성 Ⅱ . Geographical Distribution and Chemical Characteristics of Different Mid - Bottom Waters in the Neighbouring Sea of Cheju Island in Summer

양한섭,김성수 한국수산학회 1991 한국수산과학회지 Vol.24 No.3

여름철 한국 남해 50m 이심층에 나타나는 각종 수괴들의 물리·화학적 특성과 이들 수괴의 분포에 대해 연구하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면, 濟州島를 중심으로 북서쪽해역 중·저층에는 비교적 영양염이 풍부하고, 수온 12℃이하의 黃海底層冷水系의 해수가 넓게 분포하고 있다. 또한, 남동쪽 해역에서는 수온 16℃ 이상이고, 염분 34.0‰ 이상인 對馬暖流水가 50m 수층에서 제주도 연안 약 15㎞까지 나타난다. 그러나, 남서쪽 외해역에서는 13℃ 이하의 黃海底層冷水 기원의 해수가 분포하고 있으나, 북서쪽 해역에 비해 그 면적도 좁고, 질산염 농도도 현저히 낮다. 이처럼 질산염 농도가 낮은 이유는 남서쪽 외해역까지 남하한 黃海底層冷水가 북상하는 對馬暖流水와 마주치면서 질산염이 거의 고갈된 표층의 해수와 수직혼합이 잘 이루어졌기때문이라고 판단된다. 한편, 제수도 남쪽해역에서 수층별 수온의 수평분포로부터 黃海底層冷水와 對馬暖流水의 주류는 각각 50m 수층과 그 상부수층으로 유입되는 반면, 수온이 13∼15℃로서 위 두수괴의 혼합수인 黃海暖流水는 주로 75m 이심층에서 보다 넓게 분포하고, 제주도 연안해역에서는 50m 수층에도 黃海暖流水가 존재함을 알 수 있다. 즉. 이들 각 수괴의 분포는 해역별 또는 수심에 따라 다르며, 각 수괴의 영양염 농도는 수층별 해수체류시간의 차이보다는 물리적 혼합의 세기에 의해 결정되는 것 같다. 그리고, ΔSi/ΔP비로 볼 때 남쪽해역 중·저층에 존재하는 해수는 동해 표·중층수 보다 횔씬 젊다고 생각된다. We have investigated geographical distribution and physico-chemical properties of water masses or water types at mid-bottom depth in the neighbouring sea of Cheju Island in August 1986. In 50m layer the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water(YSBCW) below 12℃ was observed in the northwestern area of Cheju Island, while the Tsushima Warm Water(TWW) with relatively high temperature($gt;16℃) and salinity more than 34.0‰ in its southeastern area extended as far as the coast of about 15㎞. Also, 50m layer at the outside stations of its southwestern area indicated relatively cold water temperature(11∼13℃), probably due to southward transport of the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water(YSBCW). The Yellow Sea Warm Water(YSWW), the mixed water of the YSBCW and the TWW, ranged 13℃ to 16℃ in water temperature and was appeared mainly in the coastal and intermediate area of Cheju Island. And the relatively cold water in the southwestern area and the Tsushima Warm Water were more extensively distributed in 50 m layer than the deeper layer. Horizontal distributions of nitrate and phosphate showed a pattern similar to that of water temperature. As it were, the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water had the highest concentration of nutrients, while southwestern outside stations had the lowest nutrient contents. Especially, the concentration of nitrate in the latter was remarkably low compared with the value at the other stations. It may be attributed to intensive vertical mixing by collision of the northward driven TWW with the southward driven YSBCW. Also, it was particular that the Tsushima Warm Water indicated relatively high silicate content corresponding to that of the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water. Based on the data of ΔSi/ΔP ratio, it seems that the mid-bottom waters in this study area are younger than the surface or intermediate water in the Korean East Sea.