Valuation of ecosystem services in the organic carbon of the Pinus densiflora forest at Mt. Namsan, Seoul Metropolitan City

Lee, Eung-Pill,Lee, Soo-In,Jeong, Heon-Mo,Han, Young-Sub,Lee, Seung-Yeon,Park, Jae-Hoon,Jang, Rae-Ha,Hong, Youg-Sik,Jung, Young-Ho,Kim, Eui-Joo,Lee, Sang-Hun,You, Young-Han The Ecological Society of Korea 2019 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.43 No.4

Background: Standing biomass, litter production, rate of litter decomposition, amount of litter on forest floor, and amount of soil organic carbon distribution were investigated from March 2016 to November 2018 in order to evaluate the ecosystem value through organic carbon distribution in the Pinus densiflora forest at Namsan, Seoul Metropolitan City. Results: The amount of organic carbon in the Pinus densiflora forest was 261.09 ton C ha^-1 during the research period, and fixed organic carbon in plant through net photosynthesis was 3.2 ton C ha^-1 year^-1. The organic carbon in plant was 62.77 ton C ha^-1 (24.04%), in litter on the forest floor was 3.65 ton C ha^-1 (1.40%), and in soil was 194.67 ton C ha^-1 (74.56%). The value of plant, litter on forest floor, and soil organic carbon distribution were each 6,277,000 won ha^-1, 365, 000 won ha^-1, and 19,467,000 won ha^-1. The value per ton of fixed organic carbon in plant through net photosynthesis was 320,000 won ha^-1 year^-1 and the value of ecosystem services stored in carbon in the Namsan forest ecosystem was about 26.1 million won ha^-1 for 3 years. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the pine forests of Namsan rapidly decompose leaves due to the high atmospheric temperature and accumulate a large amount of organic carbon in the soil to provide climate control regulatory service function.

한국 성리학 主理論의 발전 上에서의 大山 李象靖 - 寒洲 李震相에 끼친 영향을 중심으로

이상하(Lee Sang-ha) 대동한문학회 2006 大東漢文學 Vol.25 No.-

  조선조 성리학에서 영남학파의 큰 흐름은 退溪 李滉-葛庵 李玄逸-大山 李象靖을 거쳐 寒洲 李震相에 이르러 理發一途를 주장, 主理論의 절정에 이른다. 이 글에서는 성리학의 인식논리와 관련하여 영남학파 主理論의 발전의 과정과 한주가 자기 학설의 논거로 사용한 대산의 설들을 살펴봄으로써 영남학파 주리론의 발전 上에서의 대산의 위상을 究明하였다.<BR>  退溪는 高峯 奇大升과의 四七論辨에서 자신이 四端·七情을 理發·氣發로 나누어 규정하는 논리적 근거로 渾淪看과 分開看이란 용어를 제시하였다. 이와 같은 용어는 이미 주자가 理·氣의 관계를 설명할 때 사용한 것이다.<BR>  寒洲 李震相는 위 혼륜간과 분개간을 竪看·橫看·倒看으로 더욱 나누었다. 그리하여 그는 주로 수간에 의하여 心의 本然은 理임을 주장하였는데 이것이 영남학파 주리론의 절정이라 할 心卽理說이다.<BR>퇴계와 고봉에게서 비롯한 사칠논변은 栗谷 李珥가 氣發一途說을 주장하여 퇴계의 互發說을 비판하면서 영남·기호 양학파간의 첨예한 論戰으로 전개된다. 영남학파에서 율곡의 학설을 본격적으로 비판하고 나선 학자는 갈암이다. 갈암은 율곡의 氣發一途說을 비판, 分開看을 강조하여 理·氣는 二物이므로 사단과 칠정도 그 근저에서 구별하지 않을 수 없다는 것이다. 그는 이에 더 나아가서 사단과 칠정의 구별은 그것이 발하기 전에 이미 心中의 근본에서 다르다는 주장을 하게 된다.<BR>  대산은 갈암 이후로 주로 분개간 쪽에만 치중한 영남학파의 四七說의 단점을 보완, 혼륜간을 함께 중시하였다. 그는 사단과 칠정이 각각 다른 길로 발하는 것이 아니라 한 길로 발하되 발할 때 각각 主가 되는 바를 가리켜 理發·氣發이라 한 것일 뿐이며 칠정도 그 本然은 性이 발한 것이라 했다. 칠정도 性이 발한 것이라는 설은 혼륜간에 의한 것으로 퇴계의『聖學十圖』중 心統性情中圖의 설에 부합한다.<BR>  한주는 자신의 학설이 퇴계의 정설에 어긋나지 않음을 힘써 증명해야 했는데 이 때 한주는 주로 대산의 설을 많이 인용했다. 그래서 한주의 저술에 朱子·퇴계 외에 가장 많이 논거로 인용된 것이 대산의 설이다.<BR>  한주는 대산도 七情理發을 인정했다는 증거가 분명히 있고, 그의 제자인 立齋 鄭宗老도 대산의 설을 이어 七情理發을 분명히 주장했다고 했다. 그리고 한주는 당시 영남학파를 대표하는 학자인 定齋 柳致明과 토론에서도 대산의 설을 근거로 들어 반박하였다.<BR>  한국 성리학 주리론의 발전 상에서 대산은 갈암 이후 분개간에 치우친 영남학파 성리설의 치우친 점을 바로잡고, 퇴계의 心統性情中圖에서 발원한 七情理發說을 복원, 발전시켜 한주에게로 이어지게 한 중요한 역할을 하였다고 할 수 있다.   The largest trend of Youngnam School in Korean Confucianism reached to the peak when Hanjoo Lee Jin-Sang suggested Lee-bal-il-do through Toigye Lee Hwang, Galam Lee Hyeon-Il and Daesan Lee Sang-Jung. This study speculates the developmental process of Chuli in respect to the cognitive logic of Confucianism and Daesan"s theories used by Hanjoo as a base of his theory to identify Daesan"s status in the development of Chuli.<BR>  The Sachil originated by Toigye and Gobongwas developed into sharp debates between Yongnam School and Kiho School when Yoolgok Lee Yi criticized Toigye"s Ho-bal-seol suggesting Ki-bal-il-do. It was Galam in Youngnam School who criticized Yoolgok"s theory. He criticized the Ki-bal-il-do and emphasized Bun-gae-gan that the bases of Sadan and Chiljung should be differentiated as Ri and Ki are two different matters. He further suggested that the bases of Sadan and Chiljung are different even before they are differentiated. Daesan complemented disadvantages of Sachilseol of Youngnam School which was inclined to Bungaegan after Galam and focused on Honryungan, too. He suggested that Lee-bal and Kee-bal are created when Sadan and Chiljung are united into one way rather than two different ways and the origin of Chiljung is Sung. The theory that Chiljung is originated from Sung is originated from Honryungan which meets Sim-tong-sung-jung-joong-do of the Sung-hak-sip-do by Toigye.<BR>  Hanjoo had to demonstrate that his theory was not against the theory of Toigye when he usually cited Daesan"s theory. So in addition to Jooja and Toigye, Daesan"s theory was cited in Hanjoo"s books.<BR>  Daesan in the development of Chuli in Korean Confucianism corrected inclined Confucianism in Youngnam School which focused on only Bungaegan after Galam, rehabilitated Chil-jung-il-bal-seol originated from Sim-tong-sungjung-joong-do by Toigye and inherited it to Hanjoo.

오차드그라스의 예취빈도에 따른 무기태질소의 단기시용 효과

조익환,이용세,전하준 대구대학교 과학기술연구소 1998 科學技術硏究 Vol.5 No.2

A study was made to estimate the economic level(Necon.) of mineral nitrogen and a proper cutting frequency for the dry matter production of Orchardgrass (Dactlyis glomerata L.) during the harvested years in 1993∼1995. Annual mineral nitrogen was applied at the levels of 0, 90, 180, 270 and 360 kg ha^(-1) in 3 cuttings, 0, 120, 240. 360 and 480 kg ha^(-1) in 4 cuttings, and 0. 150. 300. 450 and 600 kg ha^(-1) in 5 cuttings, respectively. The dry matter yields of all cutting frequencies in 1993 were significantly higher than in the other harvested years. Mean dry matter yield were 13.1, 12.7 and 14.3 tons ha-1 in 3, 4 and 5 cuttings, respectively. Higher efficiencies of dry matter production in response to mineral nitrogen application were recorded as 12.9 kg at level of 360 kg ha^(-1) yr-1 in 3 cuttings. 27.3 kg at level of 240 kg ha-1 yr^(-1) in 4 cuttings, and 20.5 kg at level of 150 kg ha-1 yr-1 in 5 cuttings, respectively. Significantly higher dry matter yields appeared as 4.6 tons ha-1 at 1st cut in 3 cuttings, 3.7 tons and 4.1 tons ha^(-1) at 2nd cut in 4 and 5 cuttings, respectively. The estimated marginal dry matter yields(Ymar.) were 11.7∼12.3 tons ha^(-1) at ranges of economic N level of 285.5∼316.6 kg ha^(-1) yr^(-1) in 3 cuttings, 10.4∼10.5 tons ha-1 at ranges of 176.7∼196.6 kg ha^(-1) yr^(-1) in 4 cuttings, and 11.2∼11.6 tons ha^(-1) at ranges of 246.1∼286.0 kg ha^(-1) yr^(-1) in 5 cuttings, respectively. Maximun dry matter yields(Ymax.) were 14.3 tons at the level of limiting N(Nmax.) of 379.5 kg ha^(-1) yr^(-1) in 3 cuttings. 11.1 ton at level of limiting N of 298.4 kg ha^(-1) yr^(-1) in 4 cuttings, and 12.3 ton at level of limiting N of 467.7 kg ha^(-1) yr^(-1) in 5 cuttings, respectively. Economic N level in all cuts were in the ranges of 85.1∼116.1 kg ha^(-1) cut^(-1) in 3 cuttings, 31.3∼69.7 kg ha^(-1) cut^(-1) in 4 cuttings, and 30.8∼81.4 kg ha^(-1) cut^(-1) in 5 cuttings, respectively.

Preparation of Thermo-Responsive and Injectable Hydrogels Based on Hyaluronic Acid and Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and Their Drug Release Behaviors

Ha Dong In,Lee Sang Bong,Chong Moo Sang,Lee Young Moo,Kim So Yeon,Park Young Hoon The Polymer Society of Korea 2006 Macromolecular Research Vol.14 No.1

Copolymers composed of hyaluronic acid (HA) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) were prepared to create temperature-sensitive injectable gels for use in controlled drug delivery applications. Semi-telechelic PNIPAAm, with amino groups at the end of each main chain, was synthesized by radical polymerization using 2-aminoethanethiol hydrochloride (AESH) as the chain transfer agent, and was then grafted onto the carboxyl groups of HA using carbodiimide chemistry. The result of the thermo-optical analysis revealed that the phase transition of the PNIPAAm-grafted HA solution occurred at around 30$\∼$33$^{circ}C$. As the graft yield of PNIPAAm onto the HA backbone increased, the HA-g-PNIPAAm copolymer solution exhibited sharper phase transition. The short chain PNIPAAm-grafted HA ($M_{w}$=6,100) showed a narrower temperature range for optical turbidity changes than the long chain PNIPAAm-grafted HA ($M_{w}$=13,100). PNIPAAm-grafted HA exhibited an increase in viscosity above 35$^{circ}C$, thus allowing the gels to maintain their shape for 24 h after in vivo administration. From the in vitro riboflavin release study, the HA-g-PNIPAAm gel showed a more sustained release behavior when the grafting yield of PNIPAAm onto the HA backbone was increased. In addition, BSA released from the PNIPAAm-g-HA gels showed a maximum concentration in the blood 12 h after being injected into the dorsal surface of a rabbit, followed by a sustained release profile after 60 h.

P168 : Split-face comparison study of new hyaluronic acid filler for efficacy and safety of HA-IDF versus Restylane® for correction of nasolabial folds

( Jie Hyun Jeon ),( Joo Ha Kim ),( Jung Woo Lee ),( Kui Young Park ),( Seong Jun Seo ),( Hae Jun Song ) 대한피부과학회 2013 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.65 No.2

Background: After successive trials and failures of various injectable materials such as bovine collagen, polyacryamide, calcium hydroxylapatite, etc., hyaluronic acid (HA) has become the most popular filling material. Many new HA fillers are being produced for the purpose of correcting wrinkles and augmentation of soft tissue. Objectives: This study aimed to test the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of a new HA filler, HA-IDF (Yvoire Classic s touch-up, LG Life Sciences, Inc., Seoul, South Korea) and compare HA-IDF with Restylane (Q-Med, Uppsala, Sweden). Methods: Fifty-eight subjects with visible nasolabial folds (NLFs) were enrolled in a randomized, multi-center, single-blind, active-controlled, matched-pair clinical study. Each subject was injected with HA-IDF in one NLF and Restylane in the other. All participants were assessed for cosmetic change at 2, 10, 18, and 26 weeks. Results: At screening, the average Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale (WSRS) for both right and left NLFs was 3.24±0.43. After 26 weeks, the results were 2.56±0.09 for both groups. There was no significant difference in WSRS scores for wrinkle improvement and in incidence of adverse events for both HA filler treatments. Conclusion: The new HA filler HA-IDF is effective and safe for correcting NLFs.

갈대 생육지에서 질소 시비가 사초의 생육과 수량 및 사료가치에 미치는 영향

서성,박진길,김원호,김맹중,이상학,정종성,박형수,성하균,이종경,Seo, Sung,Park, Jin Gil,Kim, Won Ho,Kim, Meing Jooung,Lee, Sang Hak,Jung, Jong Sung,Park, Hyung Soo,Sung, Ha Guyn,Lee, Joung Kyong 한국초지조사료학회 2013 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.33 No.2

본 연구는 질소(N) 시비가 부존 조사료자원인 갈대(Phragmites communis)의 생육과 수량 및 사료가치에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 2012년에 충남 천안과 경기 안산지역에서 실시되었다. 천안 국립축산과학원 갈대 재배지에서는 N 무시비구, N 50 kg/ha구, N 100 kg구 등 3처리를 두고 4월 30일 시비, 6월 21일 수확하였으며, 안산 시화간척지 갈대 자생지에서는 N 무시비구, N 60 kg/ha구 등 2처리를 두고 5월 1일 시비, 8월 1일 수확하였다. 갈대의 초장과 엽색은 N 시비구에서, 그리고 N 시비수준이 높을 때 양호하였다. 건물률은 N 시비구에서 약간 낮아지는 경향으로 천안지역은 무시비구 39.8%, N 시비구 37.6%, 36.7%, 안산지역은 무시비구 39.4%, N 시비구 37.6%였다. 천안지역의 건물수량, 조단백질 수량 및 가소화 건물수량은 무시비구에서 ha당 각각 4,026 kg, 235 kg, 1,850 kg, N 50 kg 시비구는 각각 4,658 kg, 306 kg, 2,388 kg, N 100 kg 시비구는 각각 5,622 kg, 446 kg, 3,143 kg으로 유의적으로 증가하였으며 (p<0.05), 안산지역은 무시비구에서 각각 2,802 kg, 177 kg, 1,288 kg, N 60 kg 시비구는 각각 3,876 kg, 294 kg, 1,853 kg으로 유의적으로 증가하였다 (p<0.05). 천안지역의 조단백질 함량, 건물 소화율 및 상대사료가치 (RFV)는 무시비구에서 각각 5.85%, 45.96%, 64.0 (품질 5등급), N 50 kg 시비구는 각각 6.58%, 51.27%, 72.3 (5등급), N 100 kg 시비구는 각각 7.94%, 55.91%, 72.7 (5등급)로 높아졌으며, 안산지역도 무시비구에서 각각 6.30%, 45.98%, 70.2 (5등급), N 60 kg 시비구는 각각 7.59%, 47.80%, 78.3 (4등급)으로 높아지는 경향이었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 갈대 생육지는 시비가 가능한 조건이라면(하천변이나 강변 등 수질오염이 우려되는 지역이 아닌), ha당 N 60~100 kg을 생육기에 시용해 주는 것이 생산량과 사료가치를 크게 개선시켜줄 수 있어 바람직하였다. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on the forage growth, production and quality of native reed (Phragmites communis) grasses. Field experiments were conducted in Cheonan and in Ansan, 2012. Treatments were control (no N fertilization), 50 kg/ha and 100 kg/ha in Cheonan plots (fertilization on April $30^{th}$, and harvest on June $21^{st}$). Treatments in Ansan plots were control (no N fertilization) and 60 kg/ha (fertilization on May first, and harvest on August first). Forage growth and leaf colors were improved in N fertilized plots. However, the drymatter (DM) percentage was slightly decreased with N fertilization. Forage yields, in terms of DM, crude protein (CP) and digestible DM (DDM), were significantly increased with N fertilization in both sites. In Cheonan, DM, CP and DDM yields per ha were 4,026 kg, 235 kg and 1,850 kg, respectively, in the control plot, and were 4,658 kg, 306 kg and 2,388 kg, respectively, in the N 50 kg plot, and 5,622 kg, 446 kg and 3,143 kg, respectively, in the N 100 kg plot. In Ansan, DM, CP and DDM yields per ha were 2,802 kg, 177 kg and 1,288 kg, respectively, in the control plot, and were 3,876 kg, 294 kg and 1,853 kg, respectively, in the N 60 kg plot. Forage quality in terms of CP content, in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and relative feed value (RFV) were also increased with N fertilization in both sites. In Cheonan, the CP content, IVDMD and RFV were 5.85%, 45.96% and 64.5 (grade 5), respectively, in the control plot, 6.58%, 51.27% and 72.3 (grade 5), respectively, in the N 50 kg plot, and 7.94%, 55.91% and 72.7 (grade 5), respectively, in the N 100 kg plot. In Ansan, the CP content, IVDMD and RFV were 6.30%, 45.98% and 70.2 (grade 5), respectively, in the control plot, and 7.59%, 47.80% and 78.3 (grade 4), respectively, in the N 60 kg plot. In conclusion, N fertilization of 60~100 kg/ha was desirable for greater forage production, with a higher quality of native Phragmites communis achievable. This should only be applied if the fertilization area is not located at a riverside/streamside or in riparian land where there is a high risk of water pollution by fertilization.

Effect of Non-animal-Derived Nitrogen Sources on the Production of Hyaluronic Acid by Streptococcus sp. KL0188

Lee, Gil-Yong,Ha, Suk-Jin,Jung, Jong-Hyun,Seo, Dong-Ho,Park, Jong-Yul,Kim, Su-Rin,Park, Nam-Woo,Kweon, Dong-Keon,Park, Sang-Hoo,Park, Cheon-Seok The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2009 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.52 No.3

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a linear high-molecular-weight polysaccharide with useful biomedical applications. Streptococcus zooepidemicus, a typical HA-producing bacterium, requires an animal-derived nitrogen source such as tryptone, peptone or sheep blood as a nutrient. Sixteen non-animal-derived (NAD) nitrogen sources were tested as a replacement for the expensive animal-derived nitrogen sources, which may have safety issues. Among the sixteen tested NAD nitrogen sources, a yeast-derived nitrogen source (YE 0251) showed the highest HA productivity, which was equivalent to the control HA production medium containing tryptone in a 5-L jar and in 3,000-L industrial fermentations. In the 3,000-L fermentation, YE 0251 increased cell mass (dry cell weight) and HA production by 11% and 8%, respectively, compared with the control HA production medium. The fmal specific volumetric productivity (0.41 g/L h) was improved by about 70% after reducing the fermentation time from 20 h to 12 h, compared to the conventional production medium.

Budget and distribution of organic carbon in Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray forest in Mt. Worak

Lee, Seung-Hyuk,Jang, Rae-Ha,Cho, Kyu-Tae,You, Young-Han The Ecological Society of Korea 2015 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.38 No.4

The carbon cycle came into the spotlight due to the climate change and forests are well-known for their capacity to store carbon amongst other terrestrial ecosystems. The annual organic carbon of litter production, forest floor litter layer, soil, aboveground and belowground part of plant, standing biomass, net primary production, uptake of organic carbon, soil respiration, etc. were measured in Mt. Worak in order to understand the production and carbon budget of Quercus serrata forest that are widely spread in the central and southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The total amount of organic carbon of Q. serrata forest during the study period (2010-2013) was 130.745 ton C ha^-1. The aboveground part of plant, belowground part of plant, forest floor litter layer, and organic carbon in soil was 50.041, 12.510, 4.075, and 64.119 ton C ha^-1, respectively. The total average of carbon fixation in plants from photosynthesis was 4.935 ton C ha^-1 yr^-1 and organic carbon released from soil respiration to microbial respiration was 3.972 ton C ha^-1 yr^-1. As a result, the net ecosystem production of Q. serrata forest estimated from carbon fixation and soil respiration was 0.963 ton C ha^-1 yr^-1. Therefore, it seems that Q. serrata forest can act as a sink that absorbs carbon from the atmosphere. The carbon uptake of Q. serrata forest was highest in stem of the plant and the research site had young forest which had many trees with small diameter at breast height (DBH). Consequentially, it seems that active matter production and vigorous carbon dioxide assimilation occurred in Q. serrata forest and these results have proven to be effective for Q. serrata forest to play a role as carbon storage and NEP.

Enhancement of bio-stability and mechanical properties of hyaluronic acid hydrogels by tannic acid treatment

Lee, Ho-Yong,Hwang, Chang-Ha,Kim, Hyoun-Ee,Jeong, Seol-Ha Elsevier 2018 Carbohydrate Polymers Vol.186 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Hyaluronic acid (HA) has been widely investigated because of its excellent biocompatibility and its ability to form hydrogels with various chemical modifications. However, HA hydrogels undergo rapid degradation and exhibit poor mechanical stability under physiological conditions. Tannic acid (TA), a naturally occurring polyphenol found in plants and fruits, has recently attracted interest as a crosslinking agent because of its abundant hydroxyl groups. In this study, we prepared HA hydrogels chemically crosslinked by polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) and treated with TA in an attempt to enhance the physical properties of HA hydrogels. TA acts as a physical crosslinker owing to the strong hydrogen bonding between TA and PEGDE, resulting in improved mechanical properties that support both cell attachment and proliferation without any sign of cytotoxicity. The enzymatic stability of the HA–TA hydrogels was significantly enhanced with the addition of TA, which was attributed to the hyaluronidase inhibition activity of TA. Additionally, the antioxidant potential of TA resulted in good resistance to degradation by reactive oxygen species, which can be generated in human tissues.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Crosslinking strategy of hyaluronic acid by using polyethylene glycol and tannic acid is proposed. </LI> <LI> Superior bio-stability and mechanical properties of hyaluronic acid hydrogels are obtained. </LI> <LI> Enhanced biological responses of hyaluronic acid- tannic acid hydrogel are achieved. </LI> </UL> </P>

플롯의 의미와 진실의 발견 - 『소문의 벽 』론-

이하은(Lee, Ha-eun) 한국언어문학회 2018 한국언어문학 Vol.107 No.-

The purpose of this study is to consider the relationship between form and content and view of the novel in “Wall of Rumors.” This study deals with the function and the effect of detective plot and multiple-layered structure and then the relationship between the function and the content. Lastly, this study considers Lee’s view of novels. Plot is a design to find out what suppressed desire is. Detective plot in “Wall of rumors” is generated by the narrator’s curiosity about Park Jun’s life. The speaker collects clues to trace Park’s secrets and constructs them into narrative to understand why Park’s desire is suppressed. Though the structure in “Wall of rumors” is layered, it is a kind of story-within-a story. While the speaker recollects the past, the speaker―outside the narrative―reflects and explores himself. The detective plot and multiple-layered structure makes readers overlap themselves with the speaker, so readers can explore what their oppressed desires are as the speaker. “Wall of Rumors” describes the process to find out the meaning of sign. Anyone who encounters sign is forced to interpret its meaning. To interpret it, the one makes use of all information he can use. After interpreting, the one finds out current meaning of sign and comprehends why sign cause him to feel something. Tracing Park’s life, the speaker finds out the hidden truth inside of himself. This is only possible in literature to find out the truth of life. This is the reason why narrator follows Park Jun’s life. As for Lee Chung-Jun, novel is kind of mental experiment to give matters of life to the readers. Lee describes process to explore what real suppression is in his novels. However Lee does not give a clear answer to the readers. Therefore, readers can form their own conclusion. This is similar to the view of Lee’s novel that can be interpreted the meaning of his works variously. The function of forms is to speculate the matters of live with the readers. And the readers follow the process of learning to face the truth. In the process, Lee makes the readers form their own meaning to the works not follow the fixed meaning.