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Anup Gurung,Om Prakash Gurung,Sang-Eun Oh 강원대학교 환경연구소 2010 Journal of the Environment Vol.7 No.-
Agriculture and animal husbandry are important livelihood strategies for a large proportion of the poor rural households in developing countries. However, in recent years, the process of migration has become a major feature of diversification for many rural societies. This paper explores the triangular relationship among agricultural productivity, pastoralism, and rural out-migration by presenting a case study from the trans-Himalayan regions in Nepal. The general findings of the study revealed that rural out-migration affects the responsibilities and tasks among the rural households significantly. The majority of the households diversify their income sources by involving in labor migration both internally and internationally. However, the massive exodus of people has left its toll on the villages. Substantial proportions of agricultural land were abandoned in Sikles and Tangting that ultimately reduced agricultural output significantly in the villages. In addition, animal husbandry, one of the important livelihood strategies in the village is also on the verge of declining. In Sikles, the numbers of livestock including sheep, goats, buffaloes, and cows/oxen decreased by 81.66%, 77.77%, 88.88%, and 88%, respectively. Similarly, in Tangting also, the numbers of sheep, goats, buffaloes, and cows/oxen decreased by 90%, 96.66%, 91.66%, and 95%, respectively. Nevertheless, from the socio-economic point of view, migration is becoming integral part of life for the villagers yet since remittances usually exceed the expenses for hiring additional workforce for agriculture and pastoralism; most people consider migration is profitable and complementary livelihood strategies in the villages.
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지역 생계에 미치는 외주이동 노동의 영향: 네팔을 중심으로
구룽아누프 ( A. Gurung ),구룽옴프라카스 ( O. P. Gurung ),오상은 ( S. E. Oh ) 강원대학교 농업생명과학연구원(구 농업과학연구소) 2011 강원 농업생명환경연구 Vol.23 No.1
Migration is one of the historically existing phenomena in Nepal. Over the past two decades, labor migration and remittances are major economic mainstays for Nepal`s economy. In 2009, approximately 2.98 billion USD was remitted to Nepal from international migrants, which accounted for 21.8% of national gross domestic product. This study empirically evaluates a conceptual framework incorporating rural household livelihoods as an integrative mediating factor between rural migration and the rural economic development in the context of labor out-migration in Namarjung Village Development Committee, one of the underprivileged rural communities in Nepal. The analysis draws on data collected through in-depth household questionnaire survey, key informant interviews, and focus group discussion to estimate the hypothesized effects. Results confirm the hypothesis that migrant and non-migrant households differ significantly in livelihood activities including agricultural production, income and consumption behaviors, and resource use and land management. It was found that households annual income increased significantly (24%, 50,000 NPR/year) after involvement in the abroad employment. In very recent years, higher percentage of female (25.56%) was also found involving in international migration. Nevertheless, it was found that the process of migration affected the human capital negatively and has created shortage of manpower which corresponds to 51%. Additionally, the livestock, mainly goat and sheep also reduced by 50%. However, it was found that with increasing return inflows of remittances, the social and physical facilities and services near to the surveyed area also improved substantially including access to electricity, transportation, schools, health clinics, and communicating media. This study reveals that the often countervailing nature of out-migration affects the short and long terms rural community revitalization processes.
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Consequences of Water Induced Disasters to Livelihood Activities in Nepal
Gurung, Anup,Karki, Arpana,Karki, Rahul,Bista, Rajesh,Oh, Sang-Eun The Korean Society of Environmental Agriculture 2012 한국환경농학회지 Vol.31 No.2
BACKGROUND: The changes in the climatic conditions have brought potentially significant new challenges, most critical are likely to be its impact on local livelihoods, agriculture, biodiversity and environments. Water induced disasters such as landslides, floods, erratic rain etc., are very common in developing countries which lead to changes in biological, geophysical and socioeconomic elements. The extent of damages caused by natural disasters is more sever in least developing countries. However, disasters affect women and men differently. In most of the cases women have to carry more burden as compared to their male counterpart during the period of disasters. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study examines the impact of disasters on the local livelihood especially agriculture and income generating activities of women in three districts of Nepal. The study uses the primary data collected following an exploratory approach, based on an intensive field study. The general findings of the study revealed that women had to experience hard time as compared to their male counterpart both during and after the disaster happen. Women are responsible for caring their children, collecting firewood, fetching water, collecting grass for livestock and performing household chores. Whereas, men are mainly involved in out-migration and remained out-side home most of the time. After the disaster occurred, most of the women had to struggle to support their lives as well as had to work longer hours than men during reconstruction period. Nepal follows patriarchal system and men can afford more leisure time as compared to women. During the disaster period, some of the households lost their agricultural lands, livestock and other properties. These losses created some additional workload to women respondent, however at the same time; they learn to build confidence, self-respect, self-esteem, and self-dependency.Although Nepal is predominantly agriculture, majority of the farmers are at subsistence level. In addition, men and women have different roles which differ with the variation in agro-production systems. Moreover women are extensively involved in agricultural activities though their importances were not recognized. Denial of land ownership and denial of access to resources as well as migration of male counterparts are some of the major reasons for affecting the agricultural environments for women in Nepal. CONCLUSION: The shelter reconstruction program has definitely brought positive change in women's access to decision making. The gradual increase in number of women respondent in access to decision making in different areas is a positive change and this has also provided them with a unique opportunity to change their gendered status in society.Furthermore, the exodus out-flow of male counterparts accelerated the additional burden and workload on women.
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Municipal Solid Waste Management: Challenges and Opportunities in Nepal
Gurung, Anup,Oh, Sang-Eun Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer 2012 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.45 No.3
Nepal is one of the least urbanized countries in the world where more than 80% of the total population live in rural areas. In recent years, the rate of urbanization became rampant which ultimately accelerated immense pressure on municipal services, especially on managing the ever increasing amount of wastes. Due to lack of technology, infrastructure and financial capacity management of increasing amount of solid waste has become a major challenge in municipalities of Nepal. The indiscriminate dumping of solid wastes already affected the urban environment by creating a serious occupational health and environmental hazard to the vicinity of the dumping sites. However, there is great possibility of recovering methane from the landfill sites since the typical Nepalese municipal solid waste contains more than 65% of organic wastes. Despite having enormous potential of generating electricity from hydropower, Nepal is facing acute shortage of energy. Therefore, comprehensive scientific research and development is necessary for making solid waste to environmentally friendly by converting waste to the energy.
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Instagram Influencer Commerce Experience and Social Media Service Strategy Case Study
GURUNG SARU ARCHANA 서비스마케팅학회 2022 서비스마케팅학회 학술대회 발표논문집 Vol.2022 No.11
Social media, which has become one of the most powerful tools of the 21st century, continues to be popular with both consumers and brands in the influencer marketing industry.,In the future, Instagram users will expand into the commerce market where they can identify and purchase products they want through IGTV. In the past, Influencers used to share their own content and daily life and gradually increase their influence on their followers to be used as a marketing tool. Recently, Instagram has become a very important area in the experience of commerce service, and expectations are increasing due to the possibility of experience of commerce service. The purpose of this study is to present the influencer commerce experience journey, the commerce service trend of Instagram, and what to consider when implementing it.
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Gurung, Anup,Oh, Sang-Eun The Korean Society of Environmental Agriculture 2012 한국환경농학회지 Vol.31 No.1
BACKGROUND: In recent years, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have emerged as a promising technology for recovering renewable energy from waste biomass, especially wastewater. In this study, the possibility of bioelectricity generation in two chambered mediator-less microbial fuel cells (MFCs) was successfully demonstrated using fermentable and non-fermentable substrates. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two different electron acceptors have been tested in the cathode chamber for the effects of reducing agent on the power generation in MFCs. The average voltages of $0.26{\pm}0.014$ V and $0.36{\pm}0.02$ V were achieved with acetate using oxygen and potassium ferricyanide as reducing agent, respectively. Similarly, with glucose the average voltages of $0.256{\pm}0.05$ V and $0.340{\pm}0.04$ V were obtained using oxygen and ferricyanide, respectively. Using potassium ferricyanide as the reducing agent, the power output increases by 39 and 43% with acetate and glucose, respectively, as compared to the dissolved oxygen. Slightly higher coulombic efficiency (CE%) was obtained in acetate as compared to MFCs operated with glucose. The maximum power densities of 124 mW/$m^2$ and 204 mW/$m^2$ were obtained using dissolved oxygen and $K_3Fe(CN)_6$, respectively. CONCLUSION(s): This study demonstrates that power generation from the MFCs can be influenced significantly by the different types of catholyte. Relatively higher CE was obtained with $K_3Fe(CN)_6$. Thus, application of $K_3Fe(CN)_6$ as the catholyte can be vital for scaling uppower generation from the MFCs forreal time applications.
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Gurung, D. B.,Saxena, V. P.,Adhikary, P. R. The Korean Society for Computational and Applied M 2009 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.27 No.1
This paper presents a Finite Element Method (FEM) application to thermal study of natural three layers of human dermal parts of varying properties. This paper carries out investigation of temperature distributions in these layers namely epidermis, dermis and under lying tissue layer. It is assumed that the outer skin is exposed to atmosphere and the loss of heat due to convection, radiation and evaporation of water have also been taken into account. The computations are carried out for one dimensional unsteady state case and the shape functions in dermal parts have been considered to be quadratic. A Finite Element scheme that uses the Crank-Nicolson method is used to solve the problem and the results computed have been exhibited graphically.
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