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System Technology for Insect Detection: A Review
( Gildas Niyigena ),( Byoung-kwan Cho ) 한국농업기계학회 2021 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.26 No.2
Insects are the most abundant animals on earth by their number. Generally, the presence of harmful insect in agricultural field has been detecting manually, which is costly, time consuming and sometime not accurate. Recently the insect detection practitioners have adopted the machine learning and artificial intelligence based technologies for the detection of insect. These techniques provide high computational performance, reduce the labor and time spent, improves the quality of recorded data, and the insect detection tasks become automatic. The objective of this review paper was to investigate various hardware and software techniques for insect detection using machine learning and artificial intelligence. Subsequently, the different forecasting techniques about the future occurrences of insect invasion was explored.
Gilda Jonson,Jong-Chul Park,Tae Hwan Noh,Mi-Jung Kim,Jong-Nae Hyun,Jung-Gon Kim 한국식물병리학회 2006 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.22 No.4
Bymovirus vectored by root-infecting fungus, Polymyxa graminis. Mechanism of cultivar’s resistance to BaMMV in field tests are difficult to assess since resistance could be either due to the virus or to P. graminis, or both. Whereas, available mechanical inoculation methods for BaMMV and other related viruses are labor intensive, give inconsistent results and generally result in low infection rates. Inoculation method using stick with gauze (SWG) was developed for BaMMV. The improved method proved to be simple, efficient, and reliable. The infected leaf tissues were preserved by drying in a frozen state under high vaccum (freeze dried barley infected leaves) to circumvent reduction of virus infectivity during storage. Five Korean barley cultivars were mechanically inoculated with BaMMV-infected sap by the improved method. Infection rates obtained were compared with natural infection. Cultivar Naehanssalbori showed resistance to BaMMV in the field trials but was found highly susceptible in the greenhouse tests by mechanical inoculation, indicating that the field resistance may be possibly due to resistance to P. graminis.
Direct Stem Blot Immunoassay (DSBIA):
Gilda Jonson,박종철,김상길,김미정,이미자,현종내,김정군 한국식물병리학회 2007 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.23 No.4
Testing a large number of samples from field monitoring and routine indexing is cumbersome and the available virus detection tools were labor intensive and expensive. To circumvent these problems we established tissue blot immunoassay (TBIA) method an alternative detection tool to detect Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) and Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) infection in the field and greenhouse inoculated plants for monitoring and routine indexing applications, respectively. Initially, leaf and stem were tested to determine suitable plant tissue for direct blotting on nitrocellulose membrane. The dilutions of antibodies were optimized for more efficient and economical purposes. Results showed that stem tissue was more suitable for direct blotting for it had no background that interferes in the reaction. Therefore, this technique was referred as direct stem blot immunoassay or DSBIA, in this study. Re-used diluted (1:1000) antiserum and conjugate up to 3 times with the addition of half strength amount of concentrated antibodies was more effective in detecting the virus. The virus blotted on the nitrocellulose membrane from stem tissues kept at room temperature for 3 days were still detectable. The efficiency of DSBIA and RT-PCR in detecting BaMMV and BaYMV were relatively comparable. Results further proved that DSBIA is a rapid, reliable and economical detection method suitable for monitoring BaMMV and BaYMV infection in the field and practical method in indexing large scale of barley materials for virus resistance screening.
Gilda Jonson,Jong-Chul Park,Tae Hwan Noh,Mi-Jung Kim,Jong-Nae Hyun,Jung-Gon Kim 한국식물병리학회 2006 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.22 No.4
Two distinct and stable isolates of Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) designated as Naju82-S (severe) and Naju82-M (mild) were obtained. These two isolates differed in their symptomatology, virus transmission characteristics and cultivar specificity at various temperature. Thus, these isolates were referred to as strains in this study. BaMMV Naju-S strain showed severe mosaic symptoms accompanied by necrosis on the infected leaves. Naju82-S strain is more virulent demonstrated by shorter incubation period and relatively high virus concentration than Naju82-M strain. Five Korean cultivars were tested for their pathogenicity to different strains based on the rate of infection. Results showed that infection rate of cultivars to both strains did not significantly differed from each other. However, under different temperatures, the pathogenicity on the two cultivars such as cultivars Hopumbori and Sessalbori were significantly affected. Hopumbori was moderately resistant to both strains at 10-12oC and susceptible at 15-18oC. Similarly, Sessalbori was moderately resistant at 10-12oC to both strains but distinctly differentiated at 15-18oC wherein it was resistant to mild strain and highly susceptible to severe strain. Other cultivars including Baegdong, Jinyangbori and Neahanssalbori consistently showed susceptible reaction to both strains at varying temperatures tested in this study.
Inoculum Sources to Generate High Mechanical Transmission of Barley yellowmosaic virus
Gilda Jonson,Yang-Kil Kim,Mi-Jung Kim,Jong-Chul Park,Jong-Nae Hyun,Jung-Gon Kim 한국식물병리학회 2007 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.23 No.2
Mechanical transmission of barley seedlings with barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) is generally inefficient and is the major constraint for testing cultivar resistance to the virus. To explore mechanical transmission, BaYMV-infected barley plants were grown at different conditions and used as inoculum sources to seedlings of susceptible barley cultivar Baegdong. Extracts prepared from BaYMV-infected Baegdong plants at 47, 53, 74, and 90 days after symptom appearance (DASA) and grown at 10 and 12ºC gave 10, 30, 68 and 76% infection, respectively on inoculated susceptible barley cv. Baegdong seedlings. While Jinyangbori, another susceptible cultivar obtained 95% infection rate inoculated with extracts from 90 DASA disease source and grown at 10/12ºC. However, low infection rates were obtained when the virus sources were grown in a greenhouse at 15-18ºC. Our results indicate that longer incubation period and lower temperature are required for virus accumulation and stability.
Miranda Gilda Jonson,최홍수,김정수,최일영,김국형 한국식물병리학회 2009 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.25 No.2
The complete genome sequences of RNA3 and RNA4 of the 13 different Rice stripe virus (RSV) isolates were determined and characterized in this study to address the possible causes of the recent re-emergence of RSV that affected many rice fields in Korea. The genome size of each RNA segment varied among isolates and significant differences were observed in the intergenic region. There was up to 4% average divergence in the RNA4 nucleotide sequence among 13 Korean isolates and only 1.4% in the RNA3. Phylogenetic relationships among different Korean isolates revealed that there were at least 2 types of RNA3 and 4 distinct types of RNA4 genomes present in Korea. However, Korean isolates with one type of RNA3 predominate over the other while the occurrences of the RSV Korean isolates with the 4 types of RNA4 genome were not correlated to specific geographical areas. Results further indicate that RNA4 had diverged more than RNA3 and these differences in accumulation of mutations in the individual RNA segments indicate that genetic reassortment were likely to contribute to the genetic divergence in the 13 Korean isolates. All of the Korean-RNA3 sequences except for one isolate grouped with Chinese isolates (JY and Z). In contrast, the RNA 4 sequences segregated together with either Chinese (JY and Z) and Japanese (M and T) isolates but genetic relationships of Korean isolates- RNAs 3 and 4 segments to Chinese-Y isolate were low. Altogether, these results suggest that the occurrence of mixtures of RNAs 3 and 4 genotypes in the natural population of RSV may have contributed to the sudden outbreak in Korea.
Jonson, Gilda,Park, Jong-Chul,Noh, Tae-Hwan,Kim, Mi-Jung,Hyun, Jong-Nae,Kim, Jong-Gon The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2006 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.22 No.4
Barley mild mosaic virus(BaMMV) is a soilborne Bymovirus vectored by root-infecting fungus, Polymyxa graminis. Mechanism of cultivar's resistance to BaMMV in field tests are difficult to assess since resistance could be either due to the virus or to P. graminis, or both. Whereas, available mechanical inoculation methods for BaMMV and other related viruses are labor intensive, give inconsistent results and generally result in low infection rates. Inoculation method using stick with gauze(SWG) was developed for BaMMV. The improved method proved to be simple, efficient, and reliable. The infected leaf tissues were preserved by drying in a frozen state under high vaccum(freeze dried barley infected leaves) to circumvent reduction of virus infectivity during storage. Five Korean barley cultivars were mechanically inoculated with BaMMV-infected sap by the improved method. Infection rates obtained were compared with natural infection. Cultivar Naehanssalbori showed resistance to BaMMV in the field trials but was found highly susceptible in the greenhouse tests by mechanical inoculation, indicating that the field resistance may be possibly due to resistance to P. graminis.