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Gerelt-Od, Byambasuren,Kim, Hyosung,Lee, Uk Jae,Kim, Jaekwang,Kim, Nayeong,Han, Yoo Joong,Son, Hyungbin,Yoon, Songhun Electrochemical Society 2018 Journal of the Electrochemical Society Vol.165 No.2
<P>A long-term in-situ measurement method for evolved gases in commercial 18650 cylindrical lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is proposed using Raman spectroscopy. Hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide were the main gases detected from cells at 4.2-4.8 V for 1800 h. Gas evolution rates were determined by the aging time and the staying potential, resulting in a nonlinear partial-pressure-dependence as a function of the aging time. Initially, the evolution of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide was significant. After potential-dependent onset times, hydrogen and methane generation increased suddenly. At low potential ranges of 4.2-4.4 V, mostly hydrogen gas was generated, whereas at high potential ranges (>4.6 V), methane becames dominant. Even at 4.4 V, importantly, the absolute accumulative H-2 gas pressure was >3 atm, raising the requirement to monitor such gas for better safety even under nominal operating conditions. Moreover, cumulative partial pressures of the detected gases exceeded the range 5-10 atm, which was associated with the staying potential. An evolution mechanism through which the gas is converted from hydrogen to methane is proposed and discussed. The electrochemical analysis of the aged LIBs showed that the capacity fade was accelerated by the increase in the staying potential while the resistances remained similar. (c) 2018 The Electrochemical Society.</P>
Byambasuren Gerelt-Od,김재광,신은선,강현철,김나영,조창신,손형빈,윤성훈 한국공업화학회 2021 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.96 No.-
The inherent risk of side reactions in lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is a crucial issue for large battery packs. To mitigate this problem, there have been previous studies that have attempted to reveal the possiblechemical reactions from decomposition of electrolytes and electrode materials’ reactions during cycling. In particular, the gases expelled during decomposition have garnered research attention as they areexplosive,flammable, toxic, and raise the inner pressure of a cell drastically. In addition, it is important tounderstand thermal effects on gas evolution or degradation of the electrode layer because batteries arenormally exposed to a warm operation condition. Herein, the gases expelled within commercial 18650cylindrical type LIB cells were investigated in moderate thermal conditions in a charged state. Theinvestigation was conducted using a lab-made in situ Raman spectroscopic analysis system andperforming comprehensive transient electrochemical analyses. Our Raman spectroscopy system couldexplore the battery reactions non-disruptively, which is critical for the interior of a cell. Through this insitu technique, the gas expelling trends upon the thermal conditions were elucidated; furthermore,detrimental effects of gas generation reactions to a cell integrity were proposed through comparison withthe electrochemical results.
Saranzaya GERELT-OD Asian Center for Women's Studies : Ewha Womans Uni 2023 Asian Journal of Women's Studies(AJWS) Vol.29 No.1
This research empirically explores the pattern and prevalence of officer-involved domestic violence associated with the enforcement of the currently amended Law to Combat Domestic Violence in Mongolia. After a thematic analysis of seven semi-structured interviews with service providers in Mongolian national human rights and non-government organizations, three main themes emerged regarding the relationship between officer-involved domestic violence and the legal enforcement processes of criminalizing domestic violence: (a) officer-involved domestic violence is more prevalent than domestic violence committed by the general population in Mongolia,(b) law enforcement poorly implements the domestic violence law, and (c) officer-involved domestic violence is an intersectional issue exemplifying one of the biggest oppressions to deal with. I argue the bidirectional nature of this relationship: Not only do law enforcement officers’ attitudes contribute to the poor implementation of domestic violence law, but police supervisors contribute to the unsuccessful criminalization of domestic violence by justifying their intimate partner violence under the name of police reputation, maintaining a code of silence in the militarized police culture, and weakening the criminal justice system.
Purification and Properties of Bovine Skeletal Muscle Proteasome
Yamamoto, S.,Gerelt, B.,Nishiumi, T.,Suzuki, A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2005 Animal Bioscience Vol.18 No.6
This paper describes the purification and properties of a multicatalytic proteinase complex, proteasome, from bovine skeletal muscle, in comparision with proteasome prepared from other species or organs. The purified bovine skeletal muscle proteasome exhibited a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. Bovine skeletal muscle proteasome degraded synthetic peptides maximally at pH 8.0. Relative to pH 8.0, activities were gradually decreased with the lowering pH, but the extent of decrease was substrate-dependent, and the activity at pH 5.5 still retained 78-10% of the activity at pH 8.0, indicating the possibility that the proteasome is active in muscle during aging. When the proteasome was heated at 60$^{\circ}C$ for 15 or 30 min and treated in the presence of 0.0125% SDS, the activity increased over 1.8 and 3.1 times (LLVY (Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-NH-Mec) as a substrate), respectively. These results (activation with heat or SDS) indicate that the hydrolytic activity of proteasome was stimulated under mild denaturing conditions. The characteristics of the bovine skeletal muscle proteasome obtained in our experiment were almost the same as those of the proteasome prepared from other species or organs.
Rusman, H.,Gerelt, B.,Yamamoto, S.,Nishiumi, T.,Suzuki, A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.6
Changes in shear force value, transverse sections, myofibrils and intramuscular connective tissue of bovine skeletal muscle exposed to the combination of high-pressure up to 400 MPa and heat (30 and $60^{\circ}C$) were studied. The shear force value decreased by pressure-heat treatment up to 200 MPa at 30 and $60^{\circ}C$, and then slightly increased over 200 MPa at $30^{\circ}C$. Shear force values of treated muscles were lower than those of untreated ones. Gaps between muscle fibers in the untreated muscle were a little clear, and then they became very clear in the treated muscles up to 200 MPa at 30 and $60^{\circ}C$. However, the gaps reduced significantly over 200 MPa at $30^{\circ}C$. The remarkable rupture of I-band and loss of M-line materials progressed in the myofibrils with increasing pressure applied. However, degradation and loss of the Z-line in myofibrils observed in the muscle treated at $60^{\circ}C$ was not apparent in the muscle treated at $30^{\circ}C$. The length of the sarcomere initially contracted by pressure-heat treatment of 100 MPa at $30^{\circ}C$ seemed to have recovered with increase of the pressure up to 400 MPa. In the muscle treated at $60^{\circ}C$, the length of sarcomere gradually decreased with increase of the pressure up to 400 MPa. In the treated muscles, changes in the honeycomb-like structure of endomysium were observed and accelerated with increase of the pressure. A wavy appearance clearly observed at the inside surface of endomysium in the untreated muscles gradually decreased in the treated muscles with increase of the pressure. Tearing of the membrane was observed in the muscles treated over 150 MPa at $30^{\circ}C$, as observed in the sample pressurized at 100 MPa at $60^{\circ}C$. The roughening, disruption and fraying of the membrane were observed over 200 MPa at $60^{\circ}C$. From the results obtained, the combination of high-pressure and heat treatments seems to be effective to tenderize tough meat. The shear force value may have some relationship with deformation of intramuscular connective tissue and myofibrils.