Restriction of Metabolizable Energy in Broiler Growers and Its Impact on Grower and Breeder Performance

Sunder, G. Skyam,Kumar, Ch. Vijaya,Panda, A.K.,Raju, M.V.L.N.,Rao, S.V. Rama,Gopinath, N.C.S.,Reddy, M.R. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.8

Metabolizable energy (ME) required for basal metabolism, activity and growth was considered as the criterion for targeting specific increases in body weight (100 g/week) of broiler chicks during the grower phase (5-20 weeks) and its impact was evaluated on breeder performance. Broiler female chicks (460) from a synthetic dam line were randomly distributed to 4 test groups with 23 replicates of 5 birds each and housed in cages. The first group (ME-100) was offered a calculated amount of ME by providing a measured quantity of grower diet (160 g protein and 2,600 kcal ME/kg) which increased with age and weight gain (133-294 kcal/bird/day). The other three groups were offered 10 or 20% less ME (ME-90 and ME-80, respectively) and 10% excess ME (ME-110) over the control group (ME-100). From 21 weeks of age, a single breeder diet (170 g protein and 2,600 kcal ME/kg) was uniformly fed to all groups and the impact of grower ME restriction on breeder performance evaluated up to 58 weeks. The targeted body weight gain of 1,600 g in a 16-week period was achieved by pullets of the ME-100 group almost one week earlier by gaining 8.7 g more weight per week. However, pullets in the ME-90 group gained 1,571 g during the same period, which was closer to the targeted weight. At 20 weeks of age, the conversion efficiency of feed (5.21-5.37), ME (13.9-14.1 kcal/g weight gain) and protein (0.847-0.871 g/g weight gain), eviscerated meat yield, giblet and tibia weights were not influenced by ME restriction, but the weights of abdominal fat and liver were higher with increased ME intake. Reduction of ME by 10% in the grower period significantly delayed sexual maturity (169.3 d), but increased egg production (152.5 /bird) with better persistency. Improved conversion efficiency of feed, ME and protein per g egg content were also observed in this group up to 56 weeks. The fertility and hatchability at 58 weeks of age were higher in the ME-90 group compared to the control and 10% excess ME feeding. In conclusion, the present study revealed the possibility of achieving targeted weight gain in broiler growers by feeding measured quantities of ME during the rearing period with consequential benefits in breeder performance.

High-performance liquid chromatography method development for the quality control of Ginkgonis Semen

Le, V.N.H.,Lee, W.,Kim, Y.H.,Chae, G.H.,Chin, Y.W.,Kim, K.T.,Kang, J.S. Elsevier ; King Saud University 2017 Arabian Journal of Chemistry Vol.10 No.6

<P>Ginkgonis Semen (GS) is the seed of Ginkgo biloba Linne and a valuable material for herbal medicines and functional foods in China, Japan and Korea. The main bio-compounds of GS are GA, GB and GC like the leaves. There are many studies for the analysis of ginkgolides in the leaves or leaves extract of G. biloba because the leaves extract is a valuable material in pharmaceutical industries. However, there is no efficient analytical method for the quality control of GS based on the quantitation of ginkgolides because of matrix effect induced by different chemical composition. So, there are no content criteria of GS in Pharmacopoeia of Korea, Japan and China until now. This study aimed to develop HPLC method using ginkgolides based on the quantitation of GA, GB and GC for the quality control of GS with the optimization of sample preparation to enhance the analytical sensitivity and reproducibility. At first, defatting process using petroleum ether and liquid-liquid extraction were applied for sample preparation to remove matrix effect. The HPLC-ELSD method was developed with the mobile phase of a 0.5% aqueous acetic acid and methanol-acetonitrile solution (1: 1 ratio) under gradient conditions. GA, GB and GC contents in GS were different between Korea and China. The mean quantity of Korean samples was 4.85 +/- 2.33 lg/g GA, 48.38 +/- 5.10 lg/g GB, and 37.83 +/- 7.64 lg/g GC. Those contents of Chinese samples were higher than Korean samples as 9.39 +/- 2.51 lg/g GA, 123.59 +/- 26.24 lg/g GB and 53.39 +/- 4.97 lg/g GC. It indicated that the discrimination of GS between Korea and China could be achieved by marker compound contents. Furthermore, the geographical discrimination of GS between Korea and China was confirmed by PCA using the quantitative data of marker compounds. By statistical analysis, the calculated content criteria of GS by regression method were 2.35 lg/g of GA, 29.20 lg/g of GB, and 27.75 lg/g of GC, based on dry weight. Thus, our HPLC method shows potential toward the development of a universal quality control methodology to quantify GS quality and origin. (C) 2016 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.</P>

Dietary Calcium and Non-phytin Phosphorus Interaction on Growth, Bone Mineralization and Mineral Retention in Broiler Starter Chicks

Rao, S.V. Rama,Raju, M.V.L.N.,Reddy, M.R.,Pavani, P.,Sunder, G. Shyam,Sharma, R.P. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.5

An experiment was conducted to study the requirement of calcium (Ca) and non-phytin phosphorus (NPP) in commercial broilers during starter phase. Seven hundred and twenty day-old Vencob male broiler chicks were randomly distributed into 144 stainless steel battery brooders, 5 birds in each. Four levels each of Ca (6, 7, 8, and 9 g/kg) and NPP (3, 3.5, 4, and 4.5 g/kg diet) were fed in a factorial design in a corn-soya basal diet. Levels of dicalcium phosphate and oyster shell grit were adjusted to obtain the desired levels of Ca and NPP. Each diet was fed ad libidum to chicks in 9 battery brooders from one d to 21 d of age. Body weight gain and feed intake were depressed (p<0.01) by increasing the dietary Ca level (8 and 9 g/kg) at lower levels of NPP (3 and 3.5 g/kg diet). The growth depression observed at lower NPP level was alleviated by reducing the Ca content to 6 g/kg diet. The tibia ash content and tibia breaking strength increased with increase in both Ca (>6 g/kg) and NPP (>3 g/kg) levels. The leg abnormality score decreased (p<0.01) with increase in NPP content in the diet at all levels of Ca tested. The serum Ca and inorganic P levels were increased with increase in the level of the respective mineral in the diet, but the serum concentration of Ca and P were inversely related to the level of NPP and Ca, respectively /kg diet. In general, the excretion of macro minerals (Ca, and P), and micro minerals {zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu)} was significantly lower at lower levels of Ca and NPP tested (6 and 3 g/kg diet, respectively). The mineral excretion increased with increase in dietary Ca and NPP levels, more conspicuously at the disproportionate ratio of these minerals (>2:1, Ca and NPP). Similarly, the retention of Zn, Mn, and Fe in liver was significantly higher (p<0.01) at lower levels of Ca and NPP tested. Results from this study indicate that the commercial broilers do not require more than 3 g NPP and 6g Ca/kg diet during starter phase (up to 21 d of age) for optimum weight gain, feed efficiency and utilization of Ca, P, Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu. However, the requirements of these minerals for optimum bone mineralization were higher than the levels suggested above.

Effect of annealing temperature on the electrical and structural properties of V/p-GaN Schottky structures

Padma, R.,Nagaraju, G.,Rajagopal Reddy, V.,Choi, Chel-Jong Elsevier 2016 THIN SOLID FILMS - Vol.598 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The electrical and structural properties of V/p-GaN Schottky barrier diode (SBD) have been investigated as a function of annealing temperature. The Schottky barrier height (SBH) of the as-deposited contact is found to be 0.82eV (<I>I–V</I>) and 1.10eV (<I>C–V</I>). However, it is noted that the SBH increases for the contact annealed at 400°C and the values are 0.94eV (<I>I–V</I>) and 1.21eV (<I>C–V</I>). Further, with increasing annealing temperature up to 500°C, the SBH decreases to 0.92eV (<I>I–V</I>) and 1.19eV (<I>C–V</I>). Also, the rectification ratio of the V/p-GaN SBD is evaluated for as-deposited and annealed contacts. The electrical parameters of the V/p-GaN SBD are also discussed with Cheung's and Norde functions. It is noted that the interface state density decreases upon annealing at 400°C and then slightly increases after annealing at 500°C. Results reveal that the superior electrical characteristics are obtained for the contact annealed at 400°C. The electrical results are also correlated with the interfacial microstructure of the contacts. The AES and XRD results reveal that the formation of nitride phases at the interface may be the reason for the increase of SBH after annealing at 400°C. The formation of gallide phases at the interface may be reason for the decrease in the SBH.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Annealing effects on electrical and structural properties of V/p-GaN SBD are studied. </LI> <LI> Maximum barrier height is obtained on V/p-GaN SBD upon annealing at 400°C. </LI> <LI> Interface state density decreases with increasing annealing temperature up to 400°C. </LI> <LI> Electrical results are correlated with the interfacial microstructure of the contacts. </LI> <LI> Nitride interfacial phases are responsible for increase in BH after annealing at 400°C. </LI> </UL> </P>

Breakthrough behaviour of activated charcoal cloth samples against oxygen analogue of sulphur mustard

G. K. Prasad,J. Praveen Kumar,P. V. R. K. Ramacharyulu,Beer Singh 한국탄소학회 2015 Carbon Letters Vol.16 No.1

The breakthrough behaviour of activated charcoal cloth samples against an oxygen analogue (OA) of sulphur mustard has been studied using the modified Wheeler equation. Activated charcoal cloth samples having different surface area values in the range of 481 to 1290 m2/g were used for this purpose. Breakthrough behaviour was found to depend on the properties of the activated charcoal cloth, properties of the OA and the adsorption conditions. Activated charcoal cloth with a high surface area of 1290 m2/g, relatively large surface density of 160 g/m2 and coarser fiber structure exhibited better kinetic saturation capacity value, 0.19 g/g, against OA vapours when compared to others, thus confirming its potential use in foldable masks for protection against chemical warfare agents.

Some fixed point theorems for modified JS-G-contractions and an application to integral equations

V. Srinivas Chary,G. Sudhaamsh Mohan Reddy,Huseyin Isik,Hassen Aydi,D. Srinivasa Chary,Stojan Radenovic 한국전산응용수학회 2020 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.38 No.5

In this article, we establish some fixed point results in G-metric spaces using the modified JS-G-contractions and we provide some suitable examples to support the results. Also, we give an application to solve an integral equation.

Lean mass and peak bone mineral density

Huy G. Nguyen,Minh TD. Pham,Lan T. Ho-Pham,Tuan V. Nguyen 대한골다공증학회 2020 Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia Vol.6 No.4

Objectives: The association between body composition parameters and peak bone mineral density is not well documented. The aim of this study is to assess the relative contributions of lean mass and fat mass on peak bone mineral density (BMD). Methods: The study involved 416 women and 334 men aged between 20 and 30 years who were participants in the population-based Vietnam Osteoporosis Study. Whole body composition parameters (eg, fat mass and lean mass) and BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The association between lean mass and fat mass and BMD was analyzed by the linear regression model using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO). Results: Peak BMD in men was higher than women, and the difference was more pronounced at the femoral neck (average difference: 0.123 g/cm2; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.105–0.141 g/cm2) than at the lumbar spine (average difference 0.019 g/cm2; 95% CI, 0.005–0.036 g/cm2). Results of LASSO regression indicated that lean mass was the only predictor of BMD for either men or women. Each kilogram increase in lean mass was associated with ∼0.01 g/cm2 increase in BMD. Lean mass alone explained 16% and 36% of variation in lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD, respectively. Conclusions: Lean mass, not fat mass, is the main determinant of peak bone mineral density. This finding implies that good physical activity during adulthood can contribute to the maximization of peak bone mass during adulthood.

Optimization of radiation shields made of Fe and Pb for the spent nuclear fuel transport casks

Rudychev V.G.,Azarenkov N.A.,Girka I.O.,Rudychev Y.V. 한국원자력학회 2023 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.55 No.2

Recommendations are given to improve the efficiency of radiation protection of transport casks for SNF transportation. The attenuation of g-quanta of long-lived isotopes 134Cs, 137mBa(137Cs), 154Eu and 60Co by optimizing the thicknesses and arrangement of layers of Fe and Pb radiation shields of transport casks is studied. The fixed radiation shielding mass (fixed mass thickness) is chosen as the main optimization criterion. The effect of the placement order of Fe and Pb layers in a combined two-layer radiation shield with an equivalent thickness of 30 cm is studied in detail. It is shown that with the same mass thicknesses of the Fe and Pb layers, the placement of Fe in the first layer, and Pb - in the second one provides more than twofold attenuation of g-quanta compared to the reverse placement: Pb - in the first layer, Fe - in the second. The increase in the efficiency of attenuation of g-quanta for TC with combined shielding of Fe and Pb is shown to be achieved by designing the first layer of radiation shielding around the canister with SNF from Fe of the maximum possible thickness.

Effect of Measured Energy Restriction and Age Intervals on Growth, Nutrient Digestibility, Carcass Parameters, Bone Characteristics and Stress in Broiler Breeders during the Rearing Period

Sunder, G. Shyam,Kumar, Ch. Vijaya,Panda, A.K.,Gopinath, N.C.S.,Raju, M.V.L.N.,Rao, S.V. Rama,Reddy, M.R. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.7

This study aimed at targeting fixed increases in body weight (100 g/wk) by quantitatively regulating energy allowances (ME) in broiler breeders from 5 to 20 wks of age. Four energy regimes were tested: 1. The energy required for maintenance, activity and growth was calculated for 100 g increases in body weight/wk and a measured quantity of grower diet (160 g protein and 2,600 kcal ME/kg) was offered to the control group (ME-100) to achieve the anticipated weight gain. The energy allowances increased with age from 132 to 294 kcal/d. 2. Additionally, three energy regimes were considered, quantitatively reducing ME by 10% (ME-90) or 20% (ME-80) and increasing by10% (ME-110) over the control group. Each test group had 23 replicates5 female chicks housed in cages. The influence of energy regimes and age on growth, nutrient digestibility, carcass attributes, bone parameters and stress was evaluated at 4 wk intervals. Quantitative ME restriction by 10% (119-265 kcal/d) produced an average weight gain of 98.1 g/wk, which was closer to the targeted increase of 100 g/wk, whereas the control group attained it nine days earlier. Restriction of energy by 10 or 20% produced better conversion efficiency of feed, energy and protein and apparent digestibility of protein, Ca and P than 10% excess ME. Energy regimes did not influence eviscerated meat yield, but higher energy allowances (ME-110) significantly increased abdominal fat pad and liver weights and decreased giblet weight, percent muscle protein and tibia ash. Relatively higher stress was recorded in ME-restricted groups, as reflected by wider heterophil and lymphocyte ratios and increased bursa weight. Early age (5-12 wk) significantly influenced bone mineralization, conversion efficiency of feed, energy and protein and apparent digestibility of protein, Ca and P, while later ages (13-20 wk) increased eviscerated meat yield, abdominal fat, tibia weight and muscle protein and reduced stress. Energy regime x age interactions were significant and are discussed. In conclusion, the synthetic broiler line used in our study responded positively to controlled energy feeding during the rearing period. Breeders offered 119-265 kcal/d, a reduction of 10% energy over the control group, were more effective in regulating grower performance than the latter. In addition to energy regimes, age intervals also exhibited significant influence on specific parameters during the grower phase.

Production of elemental sulfur and ammonium thiosulfate by the oxidation of H₂S containing water vapor and ammonia over V/Zr-PILC catalysts

Bineesh, K.V.,Kim, M.i.,Lee, G.H.,Selvaraj, M.,Hyun, K.,Park, D.W. Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemi 2012 Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry Vol.18 No.5

The catalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in the presence of water and ammonia was studied over V<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>5</SUB> supported on Zr-pillared clay catalysts (V/Zr-PILCs). The synthesized catalysts were examined using a variety of characterization techniques. A catalytic performance study using V/Zr-PILC catalysts showed that H<SUB>2</SUB>S was successfully converted to elemental sulfur and ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) without considerable emission of sulfur dioxide. The H<SUB>2</SUB>S conversion over V/Zr-PILCs increased with increasing the content of vanadia up to 6wt.%. This superior catalytic performance might be related to the uniform dispersion of vanadia species on the Zr-PILC support.