라캉의 정신분석학 윤리에 대한 비판적 고찰

이상환 ( Sang Fuan Lee ) 한국기독교철학회 2011 기독교철학 Vol.13 No.-

라캉(Jacques Lacan)의 정신분석 윤리는 "네 욕망을 포기하지 말라"라는 명령으로 요약될 수 있다. 그리고 라캉은 윤리적 행위의 판단 기준으로서 "당신은 당신 속에 있는 욕망에 일치하여 행동하였는가?"라는 질문을 제시 하고 있다. 또한 라캉은 선과 행복, 그리고 건강과 같은 당연하게 받아들여지는 ``건전한`` 상식의 윤리를 전면적으로 거부하고, 그 대신에 금지의 위반을 통하여 만족을 추구하는 것에서 윤리적 대안의 가능성을 찾고 있다. 왜냐하면 라캉은 전통적인 윤리를 지배권력의 질서를 유지하고 정당화시키는데 기여하는 단순한이데올로기에 불과한 것으로 간주하기 때문이다. 라캉의 정신분석 윤리의 근거는 가장 비윤리적인 욕망과 금지된 도덕적 행위를 위반하는데서 발견된다. 그의 정신분석 윤리는 죽음 충동의 만족을 위해서 쾌락의 원칙을 넘어서는 것이며, 충동과 희열을 가지고 체제에 순응하는 태도를 거부하는 기쁨과 욕망이다. 그러므로 라캉은 욕망이 사회적 규범을 깨뜨리는 것으로부터 시작되고, 새로운 윤리는 금지된 충동에서 비롯된 개인적 욕망의 만족을 추구하는 위반적인 행위에서 찾을 수 있다고 주장하고 있는 것이다. 그러므로 순수욕망의 만족을 요구하는 라캉의 윤리는 결국 새로운 질서를 지향하는 것이라 말할 수 있다. 이 윤리가 추구하는 새로운 질서는 욕망의 무한한 실현을 위해 다양성과 독특성을 끝없이 열어젖힐 것이다. 결국 이 윤리는 끊임없이 욕망을 창출하면서 지배질서와의 균열을 초래할 것이며, 다양한 욕망의 공존을 가능케 하는 새로운 열린-질서를 지속적으로 추구할 것이다. 마침내 라캉의 윤리는 성숙한 자아의 욕망을 포기하도록 강요하는 지배적 윤리에 저항하면서 곳곳에서 단절과 파열을 곳곳에서 불러일으킬 것이다. 따라서 억압이 없는 충동이 몰고 오는 순수 욕망의 만족을 위한 윤리는 승화를 통하여 이루어질 수 있는데, 그것은 억압에 의존하면서 공리적 통치에 근거하고 있는 전통적 도덕질서를 극복해야만 하는 것이다. 결국 라캉의 윤리는 비타협적인 욕망을 위하여 궁극적으로 기존질서의 파괴를 부르는 행동을 요구하는 것이다. 결론적으로 라캉의 정신분석 윤리는 인간의 삶을 위한 보편적 가치를 지니고 있는 새로운 포괄적 윤리로 수락할 수 없으며, 이것은 너무나 위험하고 편향된 이론이라고 비판적으로 이해된다. It is possible to summarize Lacan`s ethics of psychoanalysis as a command, "Do not give up your desire." Also, Lacan presented a question as a criterion of ethical behavior, "Have you acted in conformity with your desire?" Lacan rejected ethics of common sense and refused to pursue traditional moral issues such as the good, happiness, and law-abiding. Instead, he looked for alternative ethics which sought satisfaction through violation of the prohibition, because Lacan regarded traditional ethics as a mere ideology which contributed to justify and maintain the order of dominant power. Lacan`s ethics of psychoanalysis found its basis from the most unethical desires and violation in the moral behavior which was forbidden. His ethics of psychoanalysis is beyond the principle of pleasure to satisfy ``the death drive``. And it is pleasure and desire to deny attitudes of system compliant with jouissance and the drive. Therefore, Lacan claims that ethics begins from breaking social law and new ethics can be found at the violative behaviors seeking satisfaction of personal desires with forbidden drive. To meet the demand of satisfaction for a pure desire, Lacan`s ethics will eventually go toward a new order. It will endlessly open enormous diversity and uniqueness by the realization of the infinite desire. This ethics will generate unique desires forever and cause cracks on the dominant order. Finally, it will constantly try to establish a new open-order which enables for various desire to co-exist. In the end, however, Lacan`s ethics will create discontinuities and ruptures in place after place, because practical actions to satisfy one`s own desires will continue to collide with uncompromising oppressive dominant order and will be against the dominant ethics which forces to abandon the desire to mature ego. Thus, the ethics of pure desire for a satisfaction of drive with no suppression should be made through sublimation. However, it will demand the subject to cross over traditional moral order which is based upon oppression and utilitarian governance. Finally, it will demand the subject to act for the satisfaction of the desire uncompromisingly and consequently bring destruction of existing order. In conclusion, Lacan`s psychoanalytic ethics is a too dangerous and biased theory to accept as a new comprehensive ethics for the universal value of human life.

藝術的 兒童文學과 大衆的 兒童文學

林煥彰(Lin Fuan-Chang) 한국아동문학학회 1997 한국아동문학연구 Vol.- No.7

Electrochemical micro-couple mechanism based on Si and Mn segregations revealing the initiation of grain boundary dissolution for Q235 carbon steel

Yong Zhou,Fuan Yan 한국공업화학회 2023 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.120 No.-

The purpose of this work was to reveal the initiation mechanism of grain boundary dissolution (GBD) forcarbon steels in acidic electrolytes containing NO2 – . For Q235 carbon steel in a HNO3-NaNO2 solution withpH 4, the electrochemical methods of potentiodynamic polarization and scanning Kelvin probe forcemicroscope (SKPFM) were applied to explore electrochemical behavior, and the surface methods of scanningelectron microscope (SEM), electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) and scanning tunneling microscope(STM) were applied to explore surface microstructure and composition. Q235 carbon steelpresented the electrochemical behavior of activation-passivation-transpassivation in pH 4 HNO3-NaNO2 solution, GBD occurred on steel surface during anodic polarization. GBD initiation, which showeda selective characteristic, was found at the grain boundaries of relatively high Si and Mn contents (highSi-Mn grain boundary) when Q235 carbon steel was polarized to active–passive transition potential. Thegrain boundary segregations of Si and Mn played a critical role in the initiation of GBD, and an electrochemicalmicro-couple (EMC) mechanism based on the Si and Mn segregations was proposed to revealGBD initiation. EMC potential difference between high Si-Mn grain boundary and grain interior wasgreater than that between low Si-Mn grain boundary and grain interior, resulting in that GBD initiatedat high Si-Mn grain boundary. The detailed EMC mechanism of GBD initiation was discussed in this work.

Determination and Temperature Dependence of n-Octanol/Water Partition Coefficients for Seven Sulfonamides from (298.15 to 333.15) K

Congliang, Zhang,Yan, Wang,Fuan, Wang Korean Chemical Society 2007 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.28 No.7

A shake-flask method was used to determine the n-octanol/water partition coefficients of sulfamethazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxydiazine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfaquinoxaline and sulfachloropyrazine from (298.15 to 333.15) K. The results showed that the n-octanol/water partition coefficient of each sulfonamide decreased with the increase of temperature. Based on the fluid phase equilibrium theory, the thermodynamic relationship of n-octanol/water partition coefficient depending on the temperature is proposed, and the changes of enthalpy, entropy, and the Gibbs free energy function for sulfonamides partitioning in n-octanol/ water are determined, respectively. Sulfonamides molecules partitioning in n-octanol/water is mainly an enthalpy driving process, during which the order degrees of system increased. The temperature effect coefficient of n-octanol/water partition coefficient is discussed. The results show that its magnitude is the same as that of values in the literature.

Determination and Temperature Dependence of n-Octanol/Water Partition Coefficients for Seven Sulfonamides from (298.15 to 333.15) K

Zhang Congliang*,Wang Yan,Wang Fuan 대한화학회 2007 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.28 No.7

A shake-flask method was used to determine the n-octanol/water partition coefficients of sulfamethazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxydiazine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfaquinoxaline and sulfachloropyrazine from (298.15 to 333.15) K. The results showed that the n-octanol/water partition coefficient of each sulfonamide decreased with the increase of temperature. Based on the fluid phase equilibrium theory, the thermodynamic relationship of n-octanol/water partition coefficient depending on the temperature is proposed, and the changes of enthalpy, entropy, and the Gibbs free energy function for sulfonamides partitioning in n-octanol/water are determined, respectively. Sulfonamides molecules partitioning in n-octanol/water is mainly an enthalpy driving process, during which the order degrees of system increased. The temperature effect coefficient of n-octanol/water partition coefficient is discussed. The results show that its magnitude is the same as that of values in the literature.

Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of a Bimodal Nano/Micro Grained 1020 Carbon Steel Prepared by Aluminothermic Reaction Casting

Peiqing La,Xin Guo,Hongding Wang,Ting Shi,Xiaojuan Zhen,Fuan Wei,Xuefeng Lu 대한금속·재료학회 2016 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.22 No.2

Bulk 1020 carbon steel was prepared by aluminothermic reaction casting. After casting, isothermal aging treatments at different temperatures are performed for different periods up to 8 h. Microstructure characterization was performed using many methods, including optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the steel consisted of a nanocrystalline- ferrite matrix and a microcrystalline pearlite phase with a laminar structure. The average grain sizes of the ferrite were 23, 24, 28, and 37 nm for the cast steel and for samples annealed at 600, 800, and 1000 °C, respectively. As the annealing temperature increased, the volume fraction of the pearlite initially increased and then decreased, while the laminar spacing of pearlite increased from 240 to 900 nm. When annealed at 1000 °C, a spherical black micron pearlite particle was formed. The tensile and yield strength dramatically decreased, and the elongation varied slightly with the annealing temperature. A ductile phase was achieved by extending the holding time.

Performance Improvement of Offline Phase for Indoor Positioning Systems Using Asus Xtion and Smartphone Sensors

Yeh, Sheng-Cheng,Chiou, Yih-Shyh,Chang, Huan,Hsu, Wang-Hsin,Liu, Shiau-Huang,Tsai, Fuan The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2016 Journal of communications and networks Vol.18 No.5

Providing a customer with tailored location-based services (LBSs) is a fundamental problem. For location-estimation techniques with radio-based measurements, LBS applications are widely available for mobile devices (MDs), such as smartphones, enabling users to run multi-task applications. LBS information not only enables obtaining the current location of an MD but also provides real-time push-pull communication service. For indoor environments, localization technologies based on radio frequency (RF) pattern-matching approaches are accurate and commonly used. However, to survey radio information for pattern-matching approaches, a considerable amount of time and work is spent in indoor environments. Consequently, in order to reduce the system-deployment cost and computing complexity, this article proposes an indoor positioning approach, which involves using Asus Xtion to facilitate capturing RF signals during an offline site survey. The depth information obtained using Asus Xtion is utilized to estimate the locations and predict the received signal strength (RF information) at uncertain locations. The proposed approach effectively reduces not only the time and work costs but also the computing complexity involved in determining the orientation and RF during the online positioning phase by estimating the user's location by using a smartphone. The experimental results demonstrated that more than 78% of time was saved, and the number of samples acquired using the proposed method during the offline phase was twice as much as that acquired using the conventional method. For the online phase, the location estimates have error distances of less than 2.67 m. Therefore, the proposed approach is beneficial for use in various LBS applications.

Performance Improvement of Offline Phase for Indoor Positioning Systems Using Asus Xtion and Smartphone Sensors

Sheng-Cheng Yeh,Yih-Shyh Chiou,Huan Chang,Wang-Hsin Hsu,Shiau-Huang Liu,Fuan Tsai 한국통신학회 2016 Journal of communications and networks Vol.18 No.5

Providing a customer with tailored location-based ser-vices (LBSs) is a fundamental problem. For location-estimationtechniques with radio-based measurements, LBS applications arewidely available for mobile devices (MDs), such as smartphones,enabling users to run multi-task applications. LBS information notonly enables obtaining the current location of an MD but also pro-vides real-time push-pull communication service. For indoor envi-ronments, localization technologies based on radio frequency (RF)pattern-matching approaches are accurate and commonly used. However, to survey radio information for pattern-matching ap-proaches, a considerable amount of time and work is spent in in-door environments. Consequently, in order to reduce the system-deployment cost and computing complexity, this article proposesan indoor positioning approach, which involves using Asus Xtionto facilitate capturing RF signals during an offline site survey. Thedepth information obtained using Asus Xtion is utilized to estimatethe locations and predict the received signal strength (RF informa-tion) at uncertain locations. The proposed approach effectively re-duces not only the time and work costs but also the computing com-plexity involved in determining the orientation and RF during theonline positioning phase by estimating the user’s location by usinga smartphone. The experimental results demonstrated that morethan 78% of time was saved, and the number of samples acquiredusing the proposed method during the offline phase was twice asmuch as that acquired using the conventional method. For the on-line phase, the location estimates have error distances of less than2.67 m. Therefore, the proposed approach is beneficial for use invarious LBS applications.