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Theory, markedness and second language syntax: the case of resumptive pronouns in relative clauses
Fred R. Eckman 한국음운론학회 2004 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.10 No.1
Eckman, Fred R. 2004. Optimality Theory, markedness and second language syntax: the case of resumptive pronouns in relative clauses. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 10.1. 89-110. This paper proposes a constraint-based analysis for what is arguably the most interest-ing phenomenon in second language (L2) syntax, the occurrence of an L2 error pattern where the regularity cannot be explained in terms of either transfer from the learner's native language or input from the target language. The case in point for this paper involves the occurrence of resumptive pronouns in the relative clauses of learners of Swedish as a second language. It is argued that the systematicity of the learners' errors can be explained by independently-motivated assumptions of Optimality Theory. (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee)
Contrast and hypercontrast in interlanguage
Fred R,Eckman,Gregory k,Iverson 한국음운론학회 2000 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.6 No.2
Eckman, Fred R. and Gregory K. Iverson. 2000. Contrast and Hypercontrast in Interlanguage. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 6.2, 213-247. We report on an experimental study investigating a well-known, yet seemingly intractable, problem in L2 pronunciation, namely, the splitting of native language(NL) allo phones into separate target Ianguage (TL) phonemes. The results indicate that Iearners who were trained to contrast the relevant sounds in morphologically complex words generalized the contrast to morphologically-simple words. However, learners who were taught to make the contrast in morphologically simple words did not generalize this contrast to morphologically composite environments. Moreover, among speakers who already showed productive control of the contrast in actual words: perfonnance on nonce words revealed a pattern of overgeneralization, or hypercorrection, which was characteristic of neither the NL nor the TL. (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee)
Proposal of a Model for Elastic-Plastic Fracture Analysis
Smith Fred W.,李圭用 釜山水産大學校 1984 釜山水産大學 硏究報告 Vol.24 No.1
크랙을 가진 靭性이 큰 材料의 破壞開始는 크랙先端의 大變形으로 인한 大塑性域을 形成하기 때문에 線形的으로는 解析할 수 없는 彈塑性 問題가 된다. 이와 같이 大變形을 수반하는 彈塑性 破壞解析을 위하여 fracture process zone에서의 變形量이 有限한 값을 가진다는 가정과 變形理論 및 크랙 平面에서의 平衡을 利用하여 理論的인 破壞모델인 크랙 平面 平衡 모델을 提示하였으며, 이 모델은 高溫 破壞解析에도 適用될 수 있음을 나타내었다.
Artificial Intelligence and Data Protection
Fred H. Cate,Rachel Dockery 서울대학교 공익산업법센터 2018 경제규제와 법 Vol.11 No.2
Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly developed in recent years. Today, AI tools are used increasingly by both private and public sector organizations around the globe. The capabilities of AI now and in the near future create widespread and substantial benefits for individuals, institutions, and society. However, these same technological innovations raise important issues, including questions about the tension between AI and data protection laws. As a result, we have both an opportunity and an obligation to examine the effectiveness of current data protection laws in light of 21<SUP>st</SUP>-century technological realities. While compliance with existing data protection laws is important, a better long-term approach is to see the challenges presented by AI as another wake-up call that our current approach to data protection is increasingly outdated and ineffective. Viewed in this light, it is data protection law that must be improved if it is to protect privacy, effectively address the challenges presented by AI, and avoid creating unnecessary, bureaucratic barriers to AI’s benefits. Five reforms appear necessary: Shifting from Individual Consent to Data Stewardship A More Systemic and Well-Developed Use of Risk Management A Greater Focus on Data Uses and Impacts A Framework of Harms Transparency and Redress