Carbohydrate and Ginsenoside Changes in Ginseng Roots Grown in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand

Follett John M.,Proctor John T.A.,Walton Eric F.,Boldingh Helen L.,McNamara Catherine,Douglas James A. The Korean Society of Ginseng 2004 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.28 No.4

Ginseng is traditionally cultivated worldwide in cold continental climates. It is now also being cultivated in maritime environments such as New Zealandis. This paper reports a number of growth and quality parameters for plants grown under those conditions over two growing seasons and the intervening winter dormant period. While shoot biomass peaked mid-summer, in contrast, root biomass peaked late autumn/early winter. Starch, sucrose, fructose, glucose and inositol were detected in the roots. Starch concentrations were highest in early autumn (mean 470 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight) and lowest in mid spring (218 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Sucrose concentrations were low during early summer until late autumn but increased rapidly with the onset of winter and peaked during mid spring (168 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Fructose and glucose concentrations were similar and peaked in late spring (5.3 and 6.2 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Inositol concentrations peaked in mid summer (1.7 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Starch/sugar ratios were high during summer and autumn and low during winter and spring. Ginsenoside concentrations and profiles showed that the six major ginsenosides, Rgl, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd, were present, but Rf was absent. Concentrations did not vary with sampling date. The most abundant ginsenosides were Re (15.9 to 17.5 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight) and Rb1 (10.7 to 18.1 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Combined, they accounted for < $75{\%}$ of total ginsenoside concentrations. Limited taste tests indicated that highest root quality occurred during late autumn, after the shoots had senesced. However, quality could not be related to plant chemistry.

The Need for Diversity and Action: Reflections of an Australian High School Teacher on ESL Education in Korea

Jeffrey Follett,Utako Ito 충남대학교 북미주연구소 2005 북미주학연구 Vol.14 No.-

Phytosanitary irradiation : commercial success and obstacles

Peter A. Follett 한국농약과학회 2018 한국농약과학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2018 No.10

Phytosanitary irradiation: commercial success and obstacles

Peter A. Follett 한국응용곤충학회 2018 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2018 No.10

Irradiation at doses less than 1 kGy is an effective phytosanitary measure with minimal adverse effects on the quality of most fresh produce. There are internationally recognized guidelines for the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary measure and for the conduct of trade in irradiated fresh produce. A generic dose of 150 Gy is internationally recognized as sufficient to ensure the sterility or inability to reproduce of all fruit flies of the family Tephritidae on all hosts. Irradiation offers a cost-competitive, non-chemical alternative to several other phytosanitary measures and can be used to decrease dependence on fumigation with methyl bromide. In the last decade trade in irradiated fresh produce has increased steadily with over 20,000 tonnes traded in 2015. The US and New Zealand are the main importing countries and main exporting countries are Mexico, Australia, Vietnam, Thailand and India. Many different irradiated fruits are traded with guava, mango, sweet potato and dragon fruit pre-dominant. Several issues present barriers to the wider adoption of phytosanitary irradiation including the 1 kGy limit, labeling requirement, the limited number of country approvals, and restrictions on the use of modified atmosphere. The development of small-scale cabinet style x-ray machines could provide farmers and packinghouses with in-house treatment capability, and accelerate adoption of the technology.

Carbohydrate and Ginsenoside Changes in Ginseng Roots Grown in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand

John M. Follett,John T.A. Proctor,Eric F. Walton,Helen L. Boldingh,Catherine McNamara,James A. Douglas 고려인삼학회 2004 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.28 No.4

Ginseng is traditionally cultivated worldwide in cold continental climates. It is now also being cultivated in maritime environments such as New Zealandis. This paper reports a number of growth and quality parameters for plants grown under those conditions over two growing seasons and the intervening winter dormant period. While shoot biomass peaked mid-summer, in contrast, root biomass peaked late autumn/early winter. Starch, sucrose, fructose, glucose and inositol were detected in the roots. Starch concentrations were highest in early autumn (mean 470 mg/g-¹dry weight) and lowest in mid spring (218 mg/g-¹dry weight). Sucrose concentrations were low during early summer until late autumn but increased rapidly with the onset of winter and peaked during mid spring (168 mg/g-¹dry weight). Fructose and glucose concentrations were similar and peaked in late spring (5.3 and 6.2 mg/g-¹dry weight). Inositol concentrations peaked in mid summer (1.7 mg/g- dry weight). Starch/sugar ratios were high during summer and autumn and low during winter and spring. Ginsenoside concentrations and profiles showed that the six major ginsenosides, Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd, were present, but Rf was absent. Concentrations did not vary with sampling date. The most abundant ginsenosides were Re (15.9 to 17.5 mg/g-¹dry weight) and Rb1 (10.7 to 18.1 mg/g-¹dry weight). Combined, they accounted for > 75% of total ginsenoside concentrations. Limited taste tests indicated that highest root quality occurred during late autumn, after the shoots had senesced. However, quality could not be related to plant chemistry.

Rice weevil response to basil oil fumigation

Peter A. Follett,Keao Rivera-Leong,Roxana Myers 한국응용곤충학회 2014 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.17 No.2

Basil oil, Ocimum basilicum L., is a volatile plant essential oil that is known to have insecticidal activity againststored product pests such as rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.). Basil oil was diluted in acetone and applied to asponge held inside a tea strainer for fumigations in containers with and without rice. Basil oil fumigation(3 ml, 10% concentration) caused high mortality in adult rice weevils when weevils were exposed in air in asealed 1 L plastic container. However, when basil oil was placed in packaged rice, weevil mortality was lowand reproduction was not affected. Effectiveness of plant essential oil fumigation should be conducted underrealistic conditions to avoid experimental artifacts and misleading results.

Host status of ‘Scifresh’ apples to the invasive fruit fly species Bactrocera dorsalis, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Peter A. Follett,Jaime Pinero,Steve Souder,Lisa Jamieson,Barbara Waddell,Marisa Wall 한국응용곤충학회 2019 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.22 No.2

We conducted no-choice cage and field infestation studies to determine if the fruit of apples (Malus x domestica L., ‘Scifresh’) are hosts for three invasive tephritid fruit fly species that may enter New Zealand or other apple growing areas. In screen cage tests, punctured and unpunctured (intact) fruit of ‘Scifresh’ apples were exposed to gravid females of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Oriental fruit fly), Zeugodacus (Bactrocera) cucurbitae (Coquillet) (melon fly), or Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Mediterranean fruit fly), outdoors for 24 h and then held on sand in the laboratory for four weeks for pupal development and adult emergence. Unpunctured fruit produced an average of 269.4, 4.3 and 70.1 puparia per kg of fruit for B. dorsalis, Z. cucurbitae and C. capitata, respectively. Punctured fruit produced an average of 619.4, 0.8 and 129.5 puparia per kg of fruit for B. dorsalis, Z. cucurbitae and C. capitata, respectively. By comparison, unpunctured and punctured papaya fruit (Carica papaya, ‘Rainbow’, a preferred host) produced 206–675 and 464–735 puparia per kg of fruit, respectively, across all species. In general, the average weight of individual fruit fly puparia from apple was significantly less (41–71%) than that of puparia reared from papaya, and development times were slower on apple than on papaya. Overall, ‘Scifresh’ apples were a moderately good host for B. dorsalis and C. capitata, and a very poor host for Z. cucurbitae in cage tests. Field exposure of ‘Scifresh’ apples suspended from papaya trees resulted in no infestation by B. dorsalis or Z. cucurbitae under natural conditions. This information will help to inform decisions about quarantine restrictions and potential crop loss in the event of incursions of these fruit flies into apple-producing countries.

Biot number calibration of an Oxy-PFBC combustor through computational particle fluid dynamic analysis

이규화,William Follett,박경일,김동원,이종민,Scott Halloran 한국화학공학회 2022 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.39 No.4

The Biot number, one of the factors of the heat transfer coefficient, is computed through computationalparticle fluid dynamic simulation for the development of Oxy-PFBC technology. This technology enables no additionalCO2 separation for its capture by injecting pure oxygen, rather than air into pressurized bubbling fluidized bedboilers. This number is a dimensionless coefficient that is affected by the structure of the combustor and its heatexchangers, determining the degree of heat diffusion in the fluidized bed. In this manner, finding the proper Biot numberis important for the development of Oxy-PFBC design program since it directly affects operability and performance. First, to compute the Biot number, the model of the Grimethrope PFBC combustor was demonstrated throughthe KEPCO-GTI Oxy-PFBC design program. The program showed good prediction of the Grimethorpe bed temperatureprofile after the calibration of the Biot number. The bed temperature profile for a specific combustor structuraldesign and operation condition was computed; it was used to calibrate the Biot number suitable for the Oxy-PFBCcombustor, through 3D computational particle fluid dynamics simulation (Barracuda program). The calibrated Biotnumber turns out to be ten times smaller, which is from 0.002 to 0.0002. Prior to computing the Biot number, to validatethe simulation program, a comparison analysis was conducted with cold-flow fluidization test data. The resultsshowed that the simulation matched well with the actual test data.

Effect of papaya trunk angle on infestation by white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Gabor Neumann,Robert G. Hollingsworth,Peter A. Follett 한국응용곤충학회 2010 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.13 No.4

Two papaya (Carica papaya L.) seedlings growing in one planting hole often results in angular or non-vertical growth of the trees. Data on trunk angularity, or leaning, (deviation from the vertical line of reference) and white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Targioni-Tozzetti (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), densities on paired papaya trees were collected approximately 1 year after infestation of a papaya field was discovered. Paired trees showed a significantly higher degree of leaning than single trees. White peach scale densities were significantly higher on tree trunks with a greater departure from vertical in paired comparisons. Therefore,paired tree planting practices may facilitate the development of economic infestations of white peach scale populations in papaya orchards.

Growth, Dry Matter Partitioning and Photosynthesis in North American Ginseng Seedlings

Proctor, John T.A.,Palmer, John W.,Follett, John M. The Korean Society of Ginseng 2010 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.34 No.3

North American ginseng seedlings (Panax quinquefolius L.) were grown in pots in heated greenhouses, in a cool greenhouse, or in the field, in 11 experiments at various times over 16 years. Crop establishment, dry matter partitioning, photosynthesis, radiation use efficiency and carbon budget were measured and/or calculated in some years. Once the seedling canopy, of about $20\;cm^2$ per seedling, and a leaf area index of 0.37, was established, about 40 days after germination, full canopy display lasted about 87 days. Only 16.6% of the incoming solar radiation was intercepted by the crop, the remainder falling on the mulched soil surface. Total and root dry matter accumulations in the cool greenhouse and in the field were about double that in the heated greenhouses. Partitioning of dry matter to roots (economic yield or harvest index) in the cool greenhouse and in the field was 73% whereas it was 62.5% in the heated greenhouses. The relationship between root dry matter and radiation interception during the full canopy period was linear with growth efficiencies of $2.92\;mg\;MJ^{-1}$ at 4.8% of incoming radiation and $0.30\;mg\;MJ^{-1}$ at 68% of incoming radiation. A photosynthetic rate of $0.39\;g\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ was attained at light saturation of about $150\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ (7.5% of full sunlight); dark respiration was $0.03\;g\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$, about 8.5% of maximum assimilation rate. Estimates of dry matter accumulation by growth analysis and by $CO_2$ uptake were similar, 6.21 vs. 7.62 mg $CO_2$, despite several assumptions in $CO_2$ uptake calculations.