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Lee, Haeok,Fawcett, Jacqueline,Yang, Jin Hyang,Hann, Hie‐,Won Blackwell Publishing Inc 2012 JOURNAL OF NURSING SCHOLARSHIP Vol.44 No.4
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P><B>Purpose</B>: The purpose of this article is to explain the evolution of a situation‐specific theory developed to enhance understanding of health‐related behaviors of Korean Americans (KAs) who have or are at risk for a chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.</P><P><B>Organizing Construct</B>: The situation‐specific theory evolved from an integration of the Network Episode Model, studies of health‐related behaviors of people with HBV infection, and our studies of and practice experiences with Asian American individuals with HBV infection.</P><P><B>Findings</B>: The major concepts of the theory are sociocultural context, social network, individual‐level factors, illness experience, and health‐related behaviors.</P><P><B>Conclusions:</B> The major propositions of the theory are that sociocultural context, social network, and individual‐level factors influence the illness experience, and that sociocultural context, social network, individual‐level factors, and the illness experience influence health‐related behaviors of KAs who have or are at risk for HBV infection.</P><P><B>Clinical Relevance:</B> This situation‐specific theory represents a translation of abstract concepts into clinical reality. The theory is an explanation of correlates of health‐related HBV behaviors of KAs. The next step is to develop and test the effectiveness of a nursing intervention designed to promote behaviors that will enhance the health of KAs who have or are at risk for HBV infection, and that takes into account sociocultural context, social network, individual‐level factors, and illness experience.</P>
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Varea, Olga,Martin-de-Saavedra, Maria Dolores,Kopeikina, Katherine J.,Schü,rmann, Britta,Fleming, Hunter J.,Fawcett-Patel, Jessica M.,Bach, Anthony,Jang, Seil,Peles, Elior,Kim, Eunjoon,Penzes, P National Academy of Sciences 2015 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.112 No.19
<P><B>Significance</B></P><P>In this paper, we characterize, for the first time to our knowledge, synaptic phenotypes in contactin associated protein-like 2 (<I>Cntnap2</I>) knockout neurons and reveal a novel role for CNTNAP2 in the correct trafficking of AMPA-type glutamate receptors. In addition, we report that cellular phenotypes emerge late in postnatal development, suggesting a mechanism for the apparent late emergence of some <I>CNTNAP2</I>-associated disorders. Taken together, our findings may provide insight into the mechanism underlying pathogenesis of <I>CNTNAP2</I>-associated neuropsychiatric disorders.</P><P>Central glutamatergic synapses and the molecular pathways that control them are emerging as common substrates in the pathogenesis of mental disorders. Genetic variation in the contactin associated protein-like 2 (<I>CNTNAP2</I>) gene, including copy number variations, exon deletions, truncations, single nucleotide variants, and polymorphisms have been associated with intellectual disability, epilepsy, schizophrenia, language disorders, and autism. CNTNAP2, encoded by <I>Cntnap2</I>, is required for dendritic spine development and its absence causes disease-related phenotypes in mice. However, the mechanisms whereby CNTNAP2 regulates glutamatergic synapses are not known, and cellular phenotypes have not been investigated in <I>Cntnap2</I> knockout neurons. Here we show that CNTNAP2 is present in dendritic spines, as well as axons and soma. Structured illumination superresolution microscopy reveals closer proximity to excitatory, rather than inhibitory synaptic markers. CNTNAP2 does not promote the formation of synapses and cultured neurons from <I>Cntnap2</I> knockout mice do not show early defects in axon and dendrite outgrowth, suggesting that CNTNAP2 is not required at this stage. However, mature neurons from knockout mice show reduced spine density and levels of GluA1 subunits of AMPA receptors in spines. Unexpectedly, knockout neurons show large cytoplasmic aggregates of GluA1. Here we characterize, for the first time to our knowledge, synaptic phenotypes in <I>Cntnap2</I> knockout neurons and reveal a novel role for CNTNAP2 in GluA1 trafficking. Taken together, our findings provide insight into the biological roles of CNTNAP2 and into the pathogenesis of <I>CNTNAP2</I>-associated neuropsychiatric disorders.</P>
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