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Clarifying and Advancing the Play of Formulas: A Response to Bhikkhu Anālayo
Eviatar SHULMAN 동국대학교 불교학술원 2023 International Journal of Buddhist Thought & Cultur Vol.33 No.2
his is my rejoinder to Bhikkhu Anālayo’s “critical reply” to my monograph published in late 2021, titled Visions of the Buddha: Creative Dimensions of Early Buddhist Scripture. Anālayo was heavily critical, but he did not really address the main argument of the book: that the early Buddhist discourses are much more than an attempt to preserve the Buddha’s words, and that they are driven by a diversity of creative and literary techniques. These discourses are aimed to shape evocative, compelling and enduring visions of the Buddha and of his teachings and are no less imaginative than informative, no less innovative than conservative. While the book highlights some of the methods of Buddhist creativity, such as their literary qualities and folkloric contexts, based on thick textual analyses, Anālayo does not very much relate to these, but rather addresses the specific points where I address his own work, without looking at the broader picture. In order to do so, one would have to refer to the literary nature of the texts that I emphasize, which accepts the texts as literary products in a robust sense, rather than as mere narrative decorations. As part of my approach, I coin the term “the play of formulas,” as a method for explaining the manner of composition of at least some of the discourses, in which oral formulas—fixed textual elements—can be added to the texts and used to expand and elaborate upon them. In fact, most scholars writing on early Buddhist orality employ an idea of this sort, even if they do not give it the value that I do. They do not necessarily agree with me, however, that the formulas are the true texts of early Buddhism, an idea I explain here and show some of its potentials.
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Emily J. Watts,Yu Shen,Ephraim P. Lansky,Eviatar Nevo,Gerd Bobe,Maret G Traber 한국식품영양과학회 2015 Journal of medicinal food Vol.18 No.2
Vitamin E is an essential human nutrient that was first isolated from wheat. Emmer wheat, the cereal of Old World agriculture and a precursor to durum wheat, grows wild in the Fertile Crescent. Evolution Canyon, Israel, provides a microsite that models effects of contrasting environments. The north-facing and south-facing slopes exhibit low and high stress environments, respectively. Wild emmer wheat seeds were collected from both slopes and seed tocochromanol contents measured to test the hypothesis that high stress alters emmer wheat seed tocol-omics. Seeds from high stress areas contained more total vitamin E (108 ± 15 nmol/g) than seeds from low stress environments (80 ± 17 nmol/g, P = .0004). Vitamin E profiles within samples from these different environments revealed significant differences in isoform concentrations. Within each region, β- plus γ-tocotrienols represented the highest concentration of wheat tocotrienols (high stress, P < .0001; low stress, P < .0001), while α-tocopherol represented the highest concentration of the tocopherols (high stress, P = .0002; low stress, P < .0001). Percentages of both δ-tocotrienol and δ-tocopherol increased in high stress conditions. Changes under higher stress apparently are due to increased pathway flux toward more tocotrienol production. The production of more δ-isoforms suggests increased flow through a divergent path controlled by the VTE1 gene. Hence, stress conditions alter plant responses such that vitamin E profiles are changed, likely an attempt to provide additional antioxidant activity to promote seed viability and longevity.
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( Daniel Tura ),( Ivan V. Zmitrovich ),( Solomon P. Wasser ),( Eviatar Nevo ) 한국균학회 2010 Mycobiology Vol.38 No.4
A checklist is presented concerning the species composition of Hymenomycetes (Aphyllophorales s.l.) and Heterobasidiomycetes in Israel based on data of previous studies and field sample collections. In total, 242 species are presented, of which five are new records for the Israeli mycobiota, namely Australohydnum dregeanum, Ceriporiopsis consobrina, C. resinascens, Fibroporia vaillantii, and Postia inocybe. The distribution and habitat of each species in Israel are also summarized. This checklist will serve as valuable data for future species diversity studies of these fungi in Israel.
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Adaptive polymorphism of tetrameric alpha-amylase inhibitors in wild emmer wheat
Ji-Rui Wang,Mei Deng,Ya-Xi Liu,Xin Qiao,Zhen-Hong Chen,Qian-Tao Jiang,Zhi-En Pu,Yu-Ming Wei,Eviatar Nevo,You-Liang Zheng 한국유전학회 2011 Genes & Genomics Vol.33 No.4
α-Amylase inhibitors are attractive candidates for the control of seed weevils as these insects are highly dependent on starch as an energy source. Wheat tetrameric α-amylase inhibitor (WTAI) is a mixture (60 kDa) of 3 units: WTAI-CM2 plus 2 WTAI-CM3 plus WTAI-CM16, where none of the subunits is active on its own. A total of 334 gene sequences were obtained from 14 populations (131 accessions= genotypes) of wild emmer wheat. The frequencies of SNPs in WTAI-CM2,WTAI-CM3 and WTAI-CM16 were 1 out of 87.6, 101.4, and 108.0 bases, where 5, 5 and 4 SNPs were detected in the coding sequence, respectively. The nucleotide sequence of each unit of tetrameric α-amylase inhibitors were much more conserved than that of dimeric or monomeric inhibitors. The wild emmer wheat populations showed diversity on three WTAI loci,both between and within populations. It was revealed that WTAI were naturally selected for across populations by a ratio of dN/dS as expected. The results of purifying and positive selection hypothesis (p<0.05) also showed that the sequences of WTAI were contributed by natural selection, which ensures the protein function conservation as well as the inhibition diversity with insects amylase enzyme. Ecological factors, singly or in combination, explained a significant proportion of the variations in the SNPs. Ecological factors have an important evolutionary role in gene differentiation at these loci, and tetrameric α-amylase inhibitors are obviously adaptively selected under different environments.
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