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A New Method Using UV Irradiation for Radiocarbon Analysis
Eunkyeom Lee,Chan-Yong Jung,Byungman Kang,Jong-Yun Kim,Dong Woo Lee,Tae-Hyeong Kim,Sang Ho Lim,Jeongmook Lee 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.2
Most of the C-14 produced is in the organic form, generated as methane (14CH4), methanol (14CH3OH), formaldehyde (14CH2O), and formic acid (14CO2H2). When analyzing C-14, it is transformed into the form of 14CO2, and its concentration is determined using LSC. Typical examples include the wet oxidation method, the combustion or Pyrolysis. The wet oxidation method uses strong acids and involves repeated operations, which generates large amounts of acid waste and secondary radioactive waste. The combustion method uses high temperatures, which requires an oxygen device. Pyrolysis also requires high temperature in a vacuum and catalysts. Catalysts are expensive because they are platinum-based. To compensate for these shortcomings, a C-14 analysis method using UV irradiation was developed. In this study, 100 mL of distilled water mixed with formic acid (CO2H2), potassium persulfate (K2S2O8), and silver nitrate (AgNO3) was irradiated with a 320-390 nm UV lamp to conduct a CO2 production reaction experiment. The UV range was measured using a photometer (UV Power puck II). The beaker was made of quartz in 150 mL size with three inlets : a temperature measurement, a sample inlet, and a collection tube connector. We changed the UV lamp used from a 450 W halogen lamp to a 100 W LED, which has a lower temperature and is safer. As a result of the experiment, CO2 bubbles were generated in the collection tube, due to the UV irradiation react, which uses oxidizer and catalysts. The maximum temperature of the solution irradiated with the LED UV lamp was less than 56°C. It confirmed the rate of bubble generation changed depending on the lamp distance, the amount of sample, oxidizer, and catalyst. In an experiment to confirm the reaction caused by heat, it was found that although a reaction occurred due to heat, the reaction was significantly lower than when using a UV lamp. The reproducibility experiment was conducted three times in total under the same conditions. It showed the same pattern. In the future, we plan to select mock samples, collect 14CO2 in Carbo- Sorb, and analyze them using LSC. The results of this research will be used as a technology to recover C-14 more safely and efficiently and will also be used to expand its application to the treatment of other wastes such as waste liquid and waste resin through simulated samples.
Nonvolatile Memory Characteristics of Double-Stacked Si Nanocluster Floating Gate Transistor
Eunkyeom Kim,Kyongmin Kim,Daeho Son,Jeongho Kim,Kyungsu Lee,Sunghwan Won,Junghyun Sok,Wan-Shick Hong,Kyoungwan Park 대한전자공학회 2008 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.8 No.1
We have studied nonvolatile memory properties of MOSFETs with double-stacked Si nanoclusters in the oxide-gate stacks. We formed Si nanoclusters of a uniform size distribution on a 5 nm-thick tunneling oxide layer, followed by a 10 nm-thick intermediate oxide and a second layer of Si nanoclusters by using LPCVD system. We then investigated the memory characteristics of the MOSFET and observed that the charge retention time of a double-stacked Si nanocluster MOSFET was longer than that of a single-layer device. We also found that the double-stacked Si nanocluster MOSFET is suitable for use as a dual-bit memory.
Efficient Radiochemical Analysis of Carbon-14 in Radioactive Wastes
Eunkyeom Lee,Chan-Yong Jung,Junhyuck Kim,Tae-Hyeong Kim,Jeongmook Lee,DongWoo Lee,Byungman Kang,Jong-Yun Kim 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.1
Disposal of radioactive waste requires radiological characterization. Carbon-14 (C-14) is a volatile radionuclide with a long half-life, and it is one of the important radionuclides in a radioactive waste management. For the accurate liquid scintillation counter (LSC) analysis of a pure beta-emitting C-14, it should be separated from other beta emitters after extracted from the radioactive wastes since the LSC spectrum signals from C-14 overlaps with those from other beta-emitting nuclides in the extracted solutions. There have been three representative separation methods for the analysis of volatile C-14 such as acid digestion, wet oxidation, and pyrolysis. Each method has its own pros and cons. For example, the acid digestion method is easily accessible, but it involves the use of strong acids and generates large amount of secondary wastes. Moreover, it requires additional time-consuming purification steps and the skillful operators. In this study, more efficient and environment-friendly C-14 analysis method was suggested by adopting the photochemical reactions via in-situ decomposition using UV light source. As an initial step for the demonstration of the feasibility of the proposed method, instead of using radioactive C-14 standards, non-radioactive inorganic and organic standards were investigated to evaluate the recovery of carbon as a preliminary study. These standards were oxidized with chemical oxidants such as H2O2 or K2S2O8 under UV irradiations, and the generated CO2 was collected in Carbo-Sorb E solution. Recovery yield of carbon was measured based on the gravimetric method. As an advanced oxidation process, our photocatalytic oxidation will be promising as a time-saving method with less secondary wastes for the quantitative C-14 analysis in low-level radioactive wastes.
Eunkyeom Lee,Chanyong Jung,Tae-Hyeong Kim,Sang Ho Lim,Jong-Yun Kim 한국방사성폐기물학회 2022 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.20 No.2
Viscosity is a fundamental physical property that is important in any system in which fluid movement occurs. In addition, most of the elements exist as ions in molten state in high-temperature molten salt, and electrical conductivity in such molten state is closely related to viscosity as a transport property. Molten salt reactor (MSR) and pyroprocess are representative processes dealing with high-temperature molten salts, actinide elements, and other radioactive materials. In MSR and pyroprocesses, the viscosity data must be provided as one of the fundamental physical property data required for safe process operations and countermeasures to severe accidents. In order to measure the viscosity of highly corrosive molten salt at high temperatures, we have built a in-house developed molten salt viscosity measurement system based on the Brookfield rotationary viscometer. We also developed a special correction technique to improve the accuracy of the viscosity measurement. In this study, the viscosity was measured at 500°C for NaCl-MgCl2 molten salt, which is selected as the base salt material of MSR system under development in Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), using our viscosity measurement system installed in a oxygen- and moisture-free Ar-atmosphere glovebox. Our viscosity measurement system was calibrated using a LiCl-KCl eutectic mixture with well-known viscosity value, and viscosity values obtained using our own correction methodology were compared with those of other conventional correction methods. In our further study, we plan to measure the NaCl-MgCl2-UCl3 system at various compositions and temperatures.
Kim, Eunkyeom,Han, Seung-Hee American Scientific Publishers 2014 Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology Vol.14 No.11
<P>The effect of pulsed DC sputtering on the crystalline growth of Ge thin film was investigated. Ge thin films were deposited on the glass substrates using ICP-assisted pulsed DC sputtering. The Ge target was sputtered using asymmetric bipolar pulsed DC sputtering system with and without assistance of ICP source. The pulse frequency of 200 Hz and the pulse on time of 500 μsec (duty cycle = 10%) were kept during sputtering process. Crystal structures were studied from X-ray diffraction. The X-ray diffraction patterns clearly showed crystalline film structures. The Ge thin films with randomly oriented crystalline were obtained using pulsed DC sputtering without ICP, whereas they had well aligned (220) orientation crystalline using ICP source. Moreover, the combination of ICP assistance and pulsed DC sputtering enhanced the growth of crystalline Ge thin films without hydrogen and metal by in situ deposition. The structure and lattice of the films were studied from TEM images. The cross-sectional TEM images revealed the deposited Ge films with columnar structure.</P>