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The C- and G-value paradox with polyploidy, repeatomes, introns, phenomes and cell economy
Ik‑Young Choi,Eun‑Chae Kwon,Nam‑Soo Kim 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.7
Background The apparent disconnection between biological complexity and both genome size (C-value) and gene number (G-value) is one of the long-standing biological puzzles. Gene-dense genomic sequences in prokaryotes or simple eukaryotes are highly constrained during selection, whereas gene-sparse genomic sequences in higher eukaryotes have low selection constraints. This review discusses the correlations of the C-value and G-value with genome architecture, polyploidy, repeatomes, introns, cell economy and phenomes. Discussion Eukaryotic chromosomes carry an assortment of various repeated DNA sequences (repeatomes). Expansion of copies of repeatomes together with polyploidization or whole-genome duplication (WGD) are major players in genome size (C-value) bloating, but genomes are equipped with counterbalancing systems such as diploidization, illegitimate recombination, and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) after double-strand breaks (DSBs). The lack of these efficient purging systems allowed the accumulation of repeat DNA, which resulted in extremely large genomes in several species. However, the correlation between chromosome number and genome size is not clear due to inconsistent results with different sets of species. Positive correlations between genome size and intron size and density were reported in early studies, but these proposals were refuted by the results with increased numbers of species, in which genome-wide features of introns (size, density, gene contents, repeats) were weakly associated with genome size. The assumption of the correlations between C-value and gene number (G-value) and organismal complexity is acceptable in general, but this assumption is often violated in specific lineages or species, suggesting C- and G-value paradoxes. The C-value paradox is partly explained by noncoding repeatomes. The G-value paradox can also be explained by several genomic features: (1) one gene can produce many mature mRNAs by alternative splicing, and eukaryotic gene expression is highly regulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels; (2) many proteins exert multiple functions during development; (3) gene expansion/contraction are frequent events in the gene family among evolutionarily close species; and (4) sets of homeotic genes regulate development such that organismal complexity is sometimes not clear among organisms. A large genome must be burdensome in terms of cell economy, such that a large genome constraint results in the distribution of genome sizes skewed to small genomes. Moreover, the C-value can affect the phenome. A strong positive correlation has been recognized between genome size and cell size, but the relationship is weak or null with higher-level traits. Additional analyses of the relationship between the C-value and phenome should be carried out, because natural selection acts on the phenotype rather than the genotype. Conclusions Dramatic advancement in genomics has given some answers to the C-value and G-value paradoxes. We know the mechanisms by which the current genomes have been constructed. However, basic questions have not yet been fully resolved. Why have some species retained small genomes yet some closely related species have large genomes? Random genetic drift and mutational pressure might have affected for genome size in the limited population size during evolution; thus, genome size may be quasiadaptable rather than the best adaptive trait.
Sprinkler System에서 조도계수에 따른 마찰손실
성은모*․어익수 호남대학교 산업기술연구소 2014 녹색산업연구 Vol.20 No.1
본 연구는 유체가 배관 내를 흐를 때 사용유체의 물리ㆍ화학적 성질에 따라 배관 재질이 선택된다. 소화설비에 사용하는 유체는 대부분 물을 사용하므로 물속에 용해된 각종 이물질 들은 관 벽에 스케일을 발생시키고 부식 및 배관 노후화를 촉진하여 마찰손실을 증가시켜 결국은 펌프의 효율을 저하시킨다. 설계 및 시공단계에서 마찰손실을 개선하기 위해 기존 강관대신 CPVC(Chlorinated Poly-Vinyl Chloride)배관을 이용하여 배관재질에 따라 마찰손 실 감소로 인한 소화시스템의 안정성 향상 및 경제성과의 상관관계를 고찰하였다. This investigation was materials for pipes are selected according to the physical and chemical properties of the fluid that flows within them. As water is most commonly used in fire fighting, a diversity of foreign materials dissolved in water cause scale on the walls of pipes used in fire fighting equipment. This causes erosion and pipe deterioration and increases friction losses, which leads to low efficiency of pumps. examined the correlations between economic success and improved safety of fire fighting systems thanks to decreased friction losses according to pipe materials when chlorinated poly-vinyl chloride (CPVC) was used to ameliorate friction losses compared to steel pipes in the design and construction stages.
Biofeedback에 의한 정상인의 근이완 효과에 관한 예비연구
황익근,유상은 大韓神經精神醫學會 1985 신경정신의학 Vol.24 No.4
A pilot study was done to investigate the biofeedback aided relaxation of frontalis muscle in normal subjects. The subjects were devided into Group A(N=5, session=5, feedback modality=visual) and Group B(N=11, session=10, feedback modality=auditory), then baseline, false feedback and biofeedback were practiced every session to compare each other type of experiments. The experiment was carried by repetitive measure. The results were as follows: 1. Mean muscle potential was 2.28㎶ and 2.27㎶ in Group A and Group B respectively, which were lower than those of other studies. 2. Group A showed statistically significant differece among different types of experiments, but Group B showed statistically significant difference among both types of experiments and session. There was no significant interaction between experiments and sessions in the former, but significant interaction was found in the later. 3. Comparing each other by types of experiments, significant difference was found between biofeedback and false feedback. The former had more relaxation effect than the later. 4. Comparing mean muscle potentials between biofeedback and false feedback by sessions, biofeedback aided relaxation effect was considered to be derived by specific effect rather than nonspecific effect, and the effect was thought to be more increased as the number of session increased. 5. Comparing mean muscle potentials of Group A and Group B by same type experiment, there was a significant difference in biofeedbacks but not both baselines and false feedbacks.
효율적인 임상 간호교육과정 개선을 위한 신규간호사의 직무분석에 관한 연구
강익화,이은자 京畿專門大學 2001 京畿專門大學 論文集 Vol.- No.29
The purpose of this study was to examine a frequency of job performance, level of urgency, index of importance experienced by new nurses of medical and surgical unit and ICU in Seoul and Inchoen. The samples were composed of 63 new nurses who worked at 6 hospitals. The data were analyzed using a SPSS program for descriptive statistics(numbers of job performance, level of urgency, Index of importance(job performance + 1/4 level of urgency)). Some of the most frequent job performance were specimen collection, v/s check, diagnostic examination, identification of hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic symptoms, aseptic technique in medical unit, application of infection control, and IM, IV, PO medication supply of and electrolyte in surgical units. In ICU the orders were the maintenance of skin integration change, identification of abnormal v/s assessment of neurologic changes, patient, observation of hydration status, and aseptic technique. That the highest degree of urgency were CPR and defibrillation for dysrrhythmia in three units. The highest index of importance were the maintenance and improvement of physiologic integration, Some of safety and effective nursing environment, psychologic and social care, and health maintenance and promotion in three units.
미꾸리과 어류 남방종개 Iksookimia hugowolfeldi (Cobitidae)의 핵형
김익수,최은경,양현,고명훈 한국어류학회 2003 韓國魚類學會誌 Vol.15 No.2
영산강의 상류인 전라남도 장성군 북하면 신계리에서 2003년 2월 3월에 채집된 남방종개 Iksookimia hugowolfeldi 암컷 14마리와 수컷 9마리의 신장 조직에서 염색체를 조사하였다. 2n 염색체수는 50개이었는데 핵형은 meta-submetacentrics이 24개이고, subtelo-telocentrics가 26개였으며 FN은 74개이었다. 염색체에서 배수체나 암수간의 성적이형은 보이지 않았다. Chromosome analysis of the southern spined loach, Iksookimia hugowolfeldi was investigated in 23 individuals collected at Bukha-myon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do Provice, Korea an upper stream of the Yongsan River, in February, 2003. The diploid modal number of the specimens examined was 50, and the karyotype was composed of 24 metacentrics-submetacentrics and 26 subtelocentrics-telocentrics. Polyploidy and sex dimorphism were not observed in the present species.
후두와 뇌병변의 최소침습수술에서 Fibrin Glue의 사용
손은익,김일만,김동원,임만빈 계명대학교 의과학연구소 2000 계명의대학술지 Vol.19 No.1
The posterior fossa surgery(PFS) via lateral suboccipital craniectomy(SOCE) and partial mastoidectomy always has the potential cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) leakage and painful deformity in the suboccipital and retroauricular area. This study describes the efficacy of our mathods for dural closure and cranioplasty to prevent CSF leakage and suboccipital depression respectively after posterior fossa exploration using retrosigmoid suboccipital approaches. This techniques were performed in the consecutive 10 patients who underwent PFS in a park-bench position for different types of lesions. The SOCE and driling of the mastoid process were done minimally. Following intradural works, dura was closed in a watertight manner usually using a graft, thereafter reinforced with GelfoamR and biological human allogenic fibrin glue (GreenplastR). After augmentation of dural suture, opened mastoid air cells were bone-waxed and covered with fat graft by anchoring sutures. For the reconstructive cranioplasty, autologous bone chips and dust obtained at craniectomy were wrapped with SurgicelR. Then it was replaced to the site of suboccipital bone defect and GreenplastR was applied on and around the bone plate. The age of patients ranged from 33 to 61 years. Five cases of hemifacial spasm have been undertaken decompression of the facial nerve and four cases of cerebellopontine angle masses(meningioma, epidermoid, arachnoid cyst, and cerebellar metastasis) were treated by retrosigmoid approach. Computed tomography and plain cranial films taken a few month later showed successful and good appearance of the suboccipital and retromastoid area. All patients made a excellent recovery without any postoperative complications. Preliminary results of up to 10 months show no CSF leakage nor a persistent headache. There was no adverse reactions related to fibrin glue. We think that the present technique is a valuable method to minimize or avoid postoperative CSF leakage and to restore an autologous bone plate in a cranial defect by piecemal craniectomy.
金益秀,李銀姬 全北大學校 1995 論文集 Vol.39 No.-
It was collected 30 specimens of Cobitis sinensis and 11 specimens of C. sinensis-longicorpus complex from the Imchon River, Hamynag-gun, Kyongsangnam-do, Korea in October, 1994. C. sinensis-longicorpus complex were represented by all females and triploid in karyotypes. The chromosome number of the complex have 73 composing 28 meta-submetacentrics and 45 subtelo-telocentric chromosomes. In this paper, we discussed the systematics of C. sinensis-longicorpus triploid population occuring in this area based on their karyotypes and body color patterns.
곽은경,김동자,박지영,배한익,채종민,곽정식,박태인 大韓法醫學會 1998 대한법의학회지 Vol.22 No.2
Strong corrosive acid is accidentally ingested by children or by psychiatric patients for the purpose of suicidal attempt. Late complications include chemical burn to pharyunx, perforation and stricture of upper gastrointestinal tract, respiratory insufficiencyand renal failure caused by hemoglobinuria following hemolysis. Acetic acid is difficult to ingestion large volume in a time because it is a strong irritant, provocating painful pharynx, and its autopsy case is rare. We report an autopsy case of acetic acid intoxication with acute disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in several hours. We present pathogenesis of acetic acid intoxication and the associated forensic problems. A comatous 39-year-old female was admitted to emergency room 6 hours after she swallowed 90 gm of acetic acid. She was treated with gastric lavage but she was expired 9 hours after swallowing acetic acid. She was consulted to Department of Forensic Medicine of Kyungpook National University School of Medicine. She was grossly icteric and livor mortis was generally dark red. External wounds were 10 hemorrhagic lesions with 5 x 3.7cm and 3 x 2.8cm on the left arm and hand dorsum and facial abrasions. Internal gross examination revealed several purpural lesions in the gastric serosal surface and greater omentum. Microscopically, the stomach showed diffuse mucosal coagulation necrosis and intravascular hyalinized or fibrinoid thrombi in submucosal blood vessels. Liver showed necrosis of periportal area (zone I) and intracellular cholestasis around the central vein. Sections from renal tissue frequently show hemoglobin casts in the tubules and RBCs in the Bowman's capsules. Acetic acid of a remnant bottle, sampled blood and bloody necrotic tissues in the stomach were toxicologically examined in National Science Laboratory. The purity of ingested acetic acid is 98%, the concentration of acetic acid ion in blood is 734ppm and the content in gastric juice is 0.09%. In patients after acetic acid ingestion, DIC is most probably caused by procoagulants, produced by extensive acid-induced necrosis of the upper gastrointestinal tract. In this case, several purpural lesions were revealed on the arm, around facial abrasion and intravenous injection sites of the wrists. These are important to differentiate with contusion because she was battered before acetic acid ingestion. Purpurae in DIC are poorly demarcated, dark purple elevations with spreading margin but subcutaneous hemorrhage in contusion is grayish black or dark red with well demarcation (Table 2). But careful examination should be considered because traumatic hemorrhage is also exaggerated and mixed in DIC. (The Korean Journal of Legal Medicine)