Beyond the Limits of the Local : Sexual Violence in the Law of War and Transnational Communities of Fate

Eppinger, Monica E. 이화여자대학교 젠더법학연구소 2013 이화젠더법학 Vol.5 No.2

For much of its twentieth century history, international law has failed those who suffered sexual violence during armed conflict. Neglected by international law, any legal consequences were limited to local jurisdictions whose legal institutions were, not infrequently, impaired under circumstances of war or occupation. The recent emergence of new legal doctrines criminalizing sexual violence during armed conflict under the international law of war is shifting the scope of legal concern and creating a new space for action. In this article, I trace the development of the new sexual violence jurisprudence and consider how communities of fate emerging in response are changing patterns of international norm formation and diffusion. I suggest the term biojuridical citizenship to describe new forms of community, patterns of affiliation, and grounds for future action.

Diplomacy and Its Others : The Case of Korean Comfort Women

Eppinger, Monica,Knop, Karen,Riles, Annelise 이화여자대학교 젠더법학연구소 2014 이화젠더법학 Vol.6 No.1

The “"Comfort Women incident,”" now at least several decades old, troubles the familiar view of law as a funnel for politics. Viewed as a funnel, the wide range of legal, political, cultural, and diplomatic efforts to seek or resist redress for the system of sexual slavery institutionalized by the Japanese military during the Second World War would be assessed as ultimately pushing in the same direction: toward vindicating human rights. We see in the Comfort Women incident a far more chaotic interaction of law and politics. As critical legal feminists, we are concerned with finding a truthful and ethical way to respond to the horrors of sexual slavery, while also recognizing that claims on behalf of victims are often appropriated by nationalist, imperialist, and capitalist agendas. The first step in our project on the place of multi-situational law in a multi-situational politics of responses to the Comfort Women issue, this brief presentation identifies what we term the diplomatic style and analyses its collision with the constitutional law style in a landmark 2011 judgment of the Constitutional Court of Korea. In contrast to the reluctance of courts in many countries to intervene in foreign affairs, the Constitutional Court held that the constitutional rights of the plaintiffs, former Korean Comfort Women, required the Korean government to use the dispute settlement provisions in a bilateral treaty to seek compensation for the plaintiffs from the government of Japan. Legal scholars tend not to separate out courts’ assumptions about the nature of diplomacy as one reason for their hands-off approach to foreign affairs, as distinct from concerns about law on the one hand and politics on the other. We show that focusing on diplomacy and the diplomatic style helps us to think about the implications of the Constitutional Court’s more interventionist approach. The relationship of law to politics becomes, as with the relationship of diplomacy to politics, more of an eddy than a funnel. It is on this point that we perceive a glimmer of feminist hope in the decision. 불과 수십 년 전의 일인“위안부 사건”은 정치적 통풍구로써 법의 관점에서 볼 때 불편한 점이 있다. 정치적 통풍구의 관점에서 살펴볼 때, 제2차 세계 대전 중 일본군에 의해 일상화된 성노예시스템에 대한 배상을 구하거나 저항하기 위한 법적·정치적·문화적·외교적인 폭넓은 노력은 궁극적으로 인권의 정당성을 입증하는 것과 동일하게 평가될 것이다. 우리는 위안부 사건에는 법과 정치 사이에 훨씬 더 혼란스러운 상호 작용이 있다고 본다. 여성 비판법학자로서, 종종 민족주의자, 제국주의자, 자본주의자들의 틀에 의해 평가받는 피해자들을 대신하여 주장하고 있다는 것을 인식하면서, 우리는 성노예의 공포에 대한 진실하고 윤리적인 방법을 찾으려하고 있다. 위안부 문제에 대해 정치적으로 다양하게 반응하는 상황에서 법에 대한 우리 연구의 첫 번째 단계는 다음과 같다. 즉, 이 간단한 발표는 외교 스타일을 정의하고, 하나의 기준이 된 2011년 한국의 헌법재판소의 판결에 대한 헌법적인 체제와의 충돌에 대해 분석할 것이다. 외교 문제에 개입하는 것을 꺼리는 많은 나라의 법원과는 대조적으로, 헌법재판소는 과거 위안부 여성이었던 원고가 주장하는 헌법상 권리로서 한국 정부가 일본 정부에 대해 보상을 요구하는 양자 간 조약에서 분쟁 해결 조항을 체결할 것을 요구하는 재판을 받아들였다. 법학자들은 외교 문제에 대한 법원의 불가침 접근 방식에 대한 이유로 법에 대한 인식과 정치에 대한 인식을 구별하는 외교의 본질에 대한 법원의 가정을 구분하지 않는 경향이 있다. 우리는 외교나 외교스타일에 집중하는 것이 헌법재판소의 적극적인 개입 방식의 의미에 대해 생각하는 데 도움이 된다는 것을 보여줄 것이다. 정치에 대한 외교의 관계처럼 정치에 대한 법률의 관계는 정치적 사안의 통풍구라고 하기 보다는 소용돌이가 된다. 지금 이 순간은 우리가 의사 결정에 페미니스트적인 희망의 빛줄기를 인식하는 시점이다.

Diplomacy and Its Others

Monica Eppinger(모니카 에핑어),Karen Knop(카렌 놉),Annelise Riles(안젤리스 라일스) 이화여자대학교 젠더법학연구소 2014 이화젠더법학 Vol.6 No.1

불과 수십 년 전의 일인 “위안부 사건”은 정치적 통풍구로써 법의 관점에서 볼 때 불편한 점이 있다. 정치적 통풍구의 관점에서 살펴볼 때, 제2차 세계 대전 중 일본군에 의해 일상화된 성노예시스템에 대한 배상을 구하거나 저항하기 위한 법적·정치적·문화적·외교적인 폭넓은 노력은 궁극적으로 인권의 정당성을 입증하는 것과 동일하게 평가될 것이다. 우리는 위안부 사건에는 법과 정치 사이에 훨씬 더 혼란스러운 상호 작용이 있다고 본다. 여성 비판법학자로서, 종종 민족주의자, 제국주의자, 자본주의자들의 틀에 의해 평가받는 피해자들을 대신하여 주장하고 있다는 것을 인식하면서, 우리는 성노예의 공포에 대한 진실하고 윤리적인 방법을 찾으려하고 있다. 위안부 문제에 대해 정치적으로 다양하게 반응하는 상황에서 법에 대한 우리 연구의 첫 번째 단계는 다음과 같다. 즉, 이 간단한 발표는 외교 스타일을 정의하고, 하나의 기준이 된 2011년 한국의 헌법재판소의 판결에 대한 헌법적인 체제와의 충돌에 대해 분석할 것이다. 외교 문제에 개입하는 것을 꺼리는 많은 나라의 법원과는 대조적으로, 헌법재판소는 과거 위안부 여성이었던 원고가 주장하는 헌법상 권리로서 한국 정부가 일본 정부에 대해 보상을 요구하는 양자 간 조약에서 분쟁 해결 조항을 체결할 것을 요구하는 재판을 받아들였다. 법학자들은 외교 문제에 대한 법원의 불가침 접근 방식에 대한 이유로 법에 대한 인식과 정치에 대한 인식을 구별하는 외교의 본질에 대한 법원의 가정을 구분하지 않는 경향이 있다. 우리는 외교나 외교스타일에 집중하는 것이 헌법재판소의 적극적인 개입 방식의 의미에 대해 생각하는 데 도움이 된다는 것을 보여줄 것이다. 정치에 대한 외교의 관계처럼 정치에 대한 법률의 관계는 정치적 사안의 통풍구라고 하기 보다는 소용돌이가 된다. 지금 이 순간은 우리가 의사 결정에 페미니스트적인 희망의 빛줄기를 인식하는 시점이다. The “Comfort Women incident,” now at least several decades old, troubles the familiar view of law as a funnel for politics. Viewed as a funnel, the wide range of legal, political, cultural, and diplomatic efforts to seek or resist redress for the system of sexual slavery institutionalized by the Japanese military during the Second World War would be assessed as ultimately pushing in the same direction: toward vindicating human rights. We see in the Comfort Women incident a far more chaotic interaction of law and politics. As critical legal feminists, we are concerned with finding a truthful and ethical way to respond to the horrors of sexual slavery, while also recognizing that claims on behalf of victims are often appropriated by nationalist, imperialist, and capitalist agendas. The first step in our project on the place of multi-situational law in a multi-situational politics of responses to the Comfort Women issue, this brief presentation identifies what we term the diplomatic style and analyses its collision with the constitutional law style in a landmark 2011 judgment of the Constitutional Court of Korea. In contrast to the reluctance of courts in many countries to intervene in foreign affairs, the Constitutional Court held that the constitutional rights of the plaintiffs, former Korean Comfort Women, required the Korean government to use the dispute settlement provisions in a bilateral treaty to seek compensation for the plaintiffs from the government of Japan. Legal scholars tend not to separate out courts’ assumptions about the nature of diplomacy as one reason for their hands-off approach to foreign affairs, as distinct from concerns about law on the one hand and politics on the other. We show that focusing on diplomacy and the diplomatic style helps us to think about the implications of the Constitutional Court’s more interventionist approach. The relationship of law to politics becomes, as with the relationship of diplomacy to politics, more of an eddy than a funnel. It is on this point that we perceive a glimmer of feminist hope in the decision.

Beyond the Limits of the Local

Monica E. Eppinger(모니카 에핑어) 이화여자대학교 젠더법학연구소 2013 이화젠더법학 Vol.5 No.2

For much of its twentieth century history, international law has failed those who suffered sexual violence during armed conflict. Neglected by international law, any legal consequences were limited to local jurisdictions whose legal institutions were, not infrequently, impaired under circumstances of war or occupation. The recent emergence of new legal doctrines criminalizing sexual violence during armed conflict under the international law of war is shifting the scope of legal concern and creating a new space for action. In this article, I trace the development of the new sexual violence jurisprudence and consider how communities of fate emerging in response are changing patterns of international norm formation and diffusion. I suggest the term biojuridical citizenship to describe new forms of community, patterns of affiliation, and grounds for future action.

특정 지역의 한계를 넘어 : 전쟁법에서의 성폭력과 초국가적인 운명공동체

모니카 에핑어(Monica E. Eppinger) 이화여자대학교 젠더법학연구소 2013 이화젠더법학 Vol.5 No.2

Multidrug-resistant diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes are associated with ready-to-eat salad and vegetables in Pakistan

Shah, Mir Sadiq,Eppinger, Mark,Ahmed, Safia,Shah, Aamer Ali,Hameed, Abdul,Hasan, Fariha The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2015 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.58 No.2

Diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes are major foodborne pathogens causing gastrointestinal tract infections leading to hemolytic uremic syndrome and hemorrhagic colitis. Consumption of raw vegetables is encouraged due to its nutrient content and antioxidant properties, although their ingestion is linked to a series of foodborne disease outbreaks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Enterotoxigenic, Enteropathogenic, and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli pathotypes in raw vegetables and ready-to-eat salad for the development of better risk management. A total of 260 vegetable and salad mix (cucumber, lettuce, spinach, and carrot) samples were collected from commercial food markets in Southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan. About 34 % vegetable samples were contaminated with E. coli strains. 32.4 % E. coli strains from vegetable sample were identified as diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes. Similarly, 26.7 % of salad samples were contaminated with E. coli pathotypes. 15 % [two Enterotoxigenic E. coli and one Enteropathogenic E. coli] were isolated from spinach salad samples. 25 % [three Enterotoxigenic E. coli, one Enteropathogenic E. coli and one Shiga toxin-producing E. coli] were isolated from mixed salad type A. 40 % [four Enterotoxigenic E. coli, two Enteropathogenic E. coli and two Shiga toxin-producing E. coli] were isolated from mixed salad type B. 92 % diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes showed resistance against Tetracycline and 87 % to Ampicillin. This study showed that fresh vegetable and their products were contaminated with multidrug-resistant E. coli pathotypes.

Multidrug-resistant diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes are associated with ready-to-eat salad and vegetables in Pakistan

Mir Sadiq Shah,Mark Eppinger,Safia Ahmed,Aamer Ali Shah,Abdul Hameed,Fariha Hasan 한국응용생명화학회 2015 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.58 No.2

Diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes are major foodborne pathogens causing gastrointestinal tract infections leading to hemolytic uremic syndrome and hemorrhagic colitis. Consumption of raw vegetables is encouraged due to its nutrient content and antioxidant properties, although their ingestion is linked to a series of foodborne disease outbreaks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Enterotoxigenic, Enteropathogenic, and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli pathotypes in raw vegetables and ready-to-eat salad for the development of better risk management. A total of 260 vegetable and salad mix (cucumber, lettuce, spinach, and carrot) samples were collected from commercial food markets in Southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan. About 34 % vegetable samples were contaminated with E. coli strains. 32.4 % E. coli strains from vegetable sample were identified as diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes. Similarly, 26.7 % of salad samples were contaminated with E. coli pathotypes. 15 % [two Enterotoxigenic E. coli and one Enteropathogenic E. coli] were isolated from spinach salad samples. 25 % [three Enterotoxigenic E. coli, one Enteropathogenic E. coli and one Shiga toxin-producing E. coli] were isolated from mixed salad type A. 40 % [four Enterotoxigenic E. coli, two Enteropathogenic E. coli and two Shiga toxin-producing E. coli] were isolated from mixed salad type B. 92 % diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes showed resistance against Tetracycline and 87 % to Ampicillin. This study showed that fresh vegetable and their products were contaminated with multidrug-resistant E. coli pathotypes.