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24시간 혈청농도를 이용한 lithium 치료량 예측법의 평가
박언규,김광일 大韓神經精神醫學會 1981 신경정신의학 Vol.20 No.4
Lithium salt is a primary therapeutic and prophylactic agent for manic depressive disorder. But, safety range of the lithium salt is relatively narrow and the dosages to maintain optimum therapeutic serum level vary among individuals. By these reasons, it has been suggested that the application of lithium should start from low dosage and increase gradually by close observations of therapeutic effects and side reactions. This method, however, takes relatively longer period to reach the effective serum lithium level and manifests possible lithium toxicity. In 1973, Cooper and his colleagues reported the 24-hour serum lithium level as a prognosticator of dosage requirements for rapid and safe use of lithium salt. The authors attempted to evaluate the accuracy of this method as prognosticator of dosage requirements. Subjects of the study was 25 cases of manic depressive disorder. According to Cooper's method 600mg of lithium carbonate was administered orally to the patients and blood was sampled 24-hours later. The required dosages of lithium carbonate to reach therapeutic serum level (0.6∼1.2mEq/L) had been given orally and serum lithium levels were checked on the 7th and 14th days respectively after initial medication. The results are as follows: 1. Sensitivity of Cooper's method could be proved to be 0.80∼0.84. If th range of optimum serum lithium level is assumed to be 0.6∼1.5mEq/L, the sensitivity would be 0.96∼1.00. 2. After the Cooper's method, the 7th day serum checking seems to be sufficient to confirm therapeutic serum level. From the above results, the Cooper's method was proved to be useful prognosticator of dosage-requirement for rapid and safe lithium treatment.
초등학교 영어 수업에서 분습법에 의한 역할극이 말하기ㆍ듣기에 미치는 영향 : 5학년을 중심으로
박언화 The English Linguistic Science Association of Kore 2000 English Linguistic Science Vol.5 No.-
The purpose of this study was finding out the effect of role -playing by small steps to speaking and listening to teaching English for fifth grade in elementary school. I supposed two things before the study had begun. One was that the group taught with role-playing by small steps wouldn't be better than the other group in speaking skill. The other was that the group taught with role-playing by small steps wouldn't be better than the other group in listening skill. I have chosen two classes among the 5th grade with the same fluency level and same interest in English. The class has 44 students: 20 girls and 24 boys in each class. Then I taught them for 16 hours during 2 months two times every week from March 6th to April 27th, 2000 with different ways of teaching English. The time to teach one unit is four hours, 40 minutes per hour. When I taught an experimental class with role-playing, I divided the role-play into 3 steps as pre role-play, controlled role-play, creative role play. In pre role-play step, First time the lesson I had taught some chalk talks on the board or sketch book and I let them made mini-book for role play by copying or creative dialogue in the situation. And I had the students to practice the dialogue they made for 8-10 minutes with pair work. Second time the lesson was the controlled role play step, I had the students do rotation work with another group with the dialogue matched to an appropriate situation. Third time the lesson was creative role-play. I made one or two team making the role play or improvisation for role-making. In the controlled class I taught them by general learning way as listening, talking, reading, writing and playing games. The results of the study are as follows. Firstly, the experimental class's score was higher than controlled class in the vocabulary speaking test. The experimented class's mean was 4.1364 and the controlled class's mean 3.1136. Secondly, the experimented class's score was higher than the controlled class in working hard on communicative competence. The experimented class's mean was 4.25 and the controlled class's mean was 2.8182. Thirdly, it was higher in TPR's test of listening skill also. The experimented class's mean was 78.12 and the controlled class's mean was 60.51 So the role play with small steps was elective to speaking and listening skill in teaching English in elementary school. I suggest role-playing by small steps to teach listening and speaking skills in English education is better for 5th grade in elementary school. This small steps help for the students taking a role and making a rule as well as understanding the situation with dialogues.
Roles of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Edwardsiella tarda Pathogenesis
Jong Earn Yu(유종언),Young Eun Oh(오영은),Tae Ho Lee(이태호),Ho Young Kang(강호영) 한국생명과학회 2010 생명과학회지 Vol.20 No.12
Edwardsiella tarda는 그람 음성의 장내세균과의 주요 어병세균으로 어류에 edwardsiellosis를 유발하는 전신감염성 병원체이다. 최근 병원성 세균의 외막 단백질들은 세균성 감염에 있어서 숙주와 반응하여 면역반응을 유도하는 것으로 여겨져 연구가 되고 있다. 일본의 연구팀은 어류에서 에드워드병의 원인체인 E. tarda의 37 kDa 단백질이 넙치에서 높은 항원성을 제시하는 것을 보고하였다. 또한 그 연구자들은 37 kDa 단백질의 N-말단 아미노산 서열이 GAPDH와 대응하는 것을 밝혔다. 본 연구에서는 다른 세균에서 알려진 N-말단 서열을 기반으로 primer를 제작하여 이에 상응하는 E. tarda DNA를 증폭하고 클로닝하였다. 이 DNA단편의 염기서열은 예상한 바와 같이 세균의 GAPDH유전자인 gapA와 높은 상동성이 있고, E. tarda GAPDH (etGAPDH)의 아미노산 서열은 다른 장내세균의 GAPDH와 70% 이상의 상동성을 보이는 것을 확인하였다. E. tarda의 외막단백질에 특이적으로 반응하는 항체를 이용하여 E. tarda의 GAPDH가 외막에 존재한다는 것을 증명하였고, gapA의 염기서열을 바탕으로하여 재조합 GAPDH를 과발현 시켰다. 과발현된 재조합단백질 GAPDH는 GAPDH 특이적인 항체를 제조하는데 사용되었고, 또한 넙치에 면역시켜 단일 단백질 백신으로서의 활용도를 모색하였다. 비록 재조합 GAPDH가 면역된 넙치에서 GAPDH에 특이적인 항체가 증가하였음에도 불구하고, E. tarda로 공격실험을 하였을 때 면역된 넙치의 생존율이 12.5%로 측정되어 면역된 그룹과 면역되지 않은 그룹간에 큰 차이가 없는 것이 확인되었다. A research group demonstrated that the 37 kDA protein of Edwardsiella tarda, a causing causative agent of edwardsiellosis in fish, exhibited high antigenicity in Japanese flounder. The research group also showed that the N-terminus amino acid sequences of the 37 kDa protein were mapped to the N-terminus of GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). Using degenerated primer sets based on the known N-terminus sequence, the corresponding E. tarda DNA was amplified and cloned. The nucleotide sequences of the cloned gene revealed high homology with a bacterial gene for GAPDH, as we was expected. The amino acid sequence of E. tarda GAPDH (etGAPDH) revealed a <70% similarity with GAPDH proteins in other Enterobacteriaceae. With the application of artificial protein overexpression system in Escherichia coli, the recombinant etGAPDH (rGAPDH) was produced and purified. In this study, Using the purified rGAPDH, the etGAPDH specific polyclonal antibody has been was generated using the purified rGAPDHin this study. The immunoblotting analyses demonstrated that the location of the GAPDH protein is located with the association of is associated with the envelops of E. tarda. The rGAPDH was administrated into Japanese flounder via IP route for evaluation of the protective ability. Although the specific antibody titer against etGAPDH was increased about 3-fold after 4 weeks post-vaccination, the survival rates of vaccinated Japanese flounder and the control group with wild type E. tarda was were 12.5% and 0%, respectively. Our results indicated that rGAPDH is immunoreactive antigen but that it will not generate protective immunity in Japanese flounder.
김규언(Kyu Earn Kim),강혜영(Hye Young Kang),한부현(Boo Hyun Han),이수영(Soo Young Lee),정병주(Byung Ju Jeoung),이기영(Ki Young Lee) 대한소아알레르기호흡기학회(구 대한소아알레르기 및 호흡기학회) 1994 소아알레르기 및 호흡기학회지 Vol.4 No.2
N/A EIA represents a transient airflow obstruction following strenuous exercise and can cause physical and psychological problems in children. It is very important to prevent EIA with pharmacologic or non-pharmachologic methods. To compare the preventive effects of such methods, it is essential that these methods be tried for same individual. We compared the preventive effects of inhaled beta2-agonist, oral beta2-agonist, cromolyn sodium and warm-up by cross-over study on EIA in 45 children (27 boys and 18 girls aged 6 to 15 years). They were diagnosed as EIA by exercise loading test (up and down stairs method for 6 minutes). The changes in pulmonary function were measured by peak expiratory flow rate (FEFR). The results are as follows: 1. The preventive effects were 93.3% in inhaled beta2-agonist, 66.7% in warm-up, 62.2% in cromolyn sodium, and 33.3% in oral beta2-agonist. 2. When we analyzed the preventive effects according to the severity of EIA, we had the following results: warm-up, cromolyn sodium, and oral beta2-agonist were only effective in mild EIA, while inhaled beta2-agonist was effective in all cases of EIA. In conclusions, regardless of severity of EIA inhaled beta2-agonist was the most effective in the prevention of EIA. And warm-up and cromolyn sodium were followed. Oral beta2-agonist was effective only in mild cases of EIA.