商代부터 공자까지 ‘命’론의 발전사 및 커뮤니케이션의 구조 -운명론, 초기·후기 천명론의 구조와 구성요소를 중심으로-

연덕희 ( Yeon Duk-hee ) 한국철학사연구회 2023 한국 철학논집 Vol.- No.76

본 연구는 상대 갑골문에 보이는 명(令)을 기준으로 여기에서 발전된 다양한 명(命)의 커뮤니케이션 구조와 특징을 알아보았다. 인류의 ‘명’ 관념은 신이 ‘직접’ 세속의 복·화를 내린다는 ‘① 신→ 명(세속의 복·화)→ 인’의 원형구조가 시발점이다. 이 원형구조에서 ‘② 신→ 명(順:세속의 복, 逆:세속의 화)→ 인(행실)’이라는 원시 종교적 구조가 발현한다. 상대 말에는 명이 불변하는 ‘③ 신→ 명(세속의 복·화:불변)→ 인(행실: 무관)’의 심화된 운명론과 명이 가변하는 ‘④ 신→ 명(세속의 복·화:가변)→ 인(행실:상관)’의 초기 천명론의 씨앗이 상호 논쟁을 만들었다. 주대에는 인간의 관념이 ‘신’에서 ‘인’으로 전이가 가속되면서 ‘명’의 의미도 내재하는 도덕적 명과 외재하는 세속의 명(복·화)으로 양분되었고‘⑤ 신→ 도덕적 명(불변:내재)→ 세속적 명(복·화의 가변:외재)→ 인(행실:상관)’의 명·복 일치, 즉 초기 천명론으로 발전한다. 마지막으로 공자에 이르러 ‘⑥ 신→ 도덕적 명(불변:내재)→ 인(도덕적 명의 실현을 추구)’이라는 명·복 불일치의 후기 천명론이 확립된다. ⑥에서 ‘신’은 인간에게 내재된 도덕성의 원천 혹은 뿌리로 제한되고 세속의 복·화와 분리(제거)되어 올바른 방향(가르침)만을 제시할 뿐이다. 사마천은 백이와 숙제의 삶을 통해 ‘하늘의 도는 선인에게 복을 악인에게 벌을 내린다.’라는 ‘복선화음’의 법칙, 요컨대 ②·④·⑤에 대한 강한 의심을 제기하였는데 공자의 ‘⑥ 명·복 불일치’를 통해 이를 설명할 수 있었다. 또한 젖과 꿀이 흐르는 복된 세상은 신의 권능이 아니라 인간의 손으로 직접 만드는 것임을 알 수 있었다. This study investigated the communication structure and characteristics of various 命derived and developed based on the 令presented on oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty. Regarding humanity’s idea of “Ming,” the original structure of “(1) 神→ 命(secular fortune and misfortune) → 人” in which God “directly” bestows mundane blessing and misfortune is the starting point. In such a structure, the primitive religious structure of “(2) 神→ 命(順: mundane blessing, 逆: mundane misfortune) → 人(deed)” emerges. At the end of the Shang Dynasty (商代), 命of “(3) 神→ 命(worldly blessing and misery: unchanging) → 人(deed: related)” created a seed for mutual argument for unchanging (不變) intensified fatalism. Moreover, 命of “(4) 神→ 命(mundane blessing and misfortune: variable) → 人(deed: related)” created a seed for mutual argument for changeable (可變) early Mandate of Heaven (天命論). In the Zhou Dynasty, as the human conception accelerated the transition (轉移) from “神” to “人”, the meaning of “命” was divided into two parts including intrinsic (內在) moral 命and extrinsic (外在) mundane blessing and misfortune. fortune (命·福) of “(5) 神→ moral 命(immutable: immanent) → mundane 命(mutability of blessing and misfortune: extrinsic) → 人(deed: related)” coincided, that is, developed into an early Mandate of Heaven. Lastly, with Confucius, the late Mandate of Heaven of Ming fortune inconsistency that states “(6) 神→ Moral 命(immutable: immanent) → 人(seeking the realization of moral 命)” was established. As Samacheon(司馬遷) mentioned the deaths of Baek-i(伯夷) and Seok-suk(叔齊), he raised the rule of “福善禍淫,” which states that “The Way of Heaven blesses the good and punishes the wicked.” In short, Samacheon raised strong doubts about (2), (4), and (5). This could be explained through Confucius’ (6) discordance between Ming and blessing. In addition, the blessed world flowing with milk and honey was made by human hands, not by the power of God.

정신훈련 프로그램의 실시에 따른 체육수업 참여유형 비교연구

김원배,김정수,정청희,노희덕,홍준희 師範大學 體育硏究所 1998 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.19 No.1

The purpose of this study was to identify the student participation styles in elementary school physical education classes. To identify the student participation styles, the factors such as subject, teacher, parents, the level of family economy and classroom environments were investigated. To achieve the purpose of this study was observed during 3 months in 1997. Educational ethnography was used in order to collect qualitative date. The subjects were 40 students on grade 4 in Chang Soe elementary school. Student participation styles were categorized six domains based on classroom teacher's observation and evaluation about them for 4 months. This styles included 'enthusiastic students', 'officious helpers', 'modifiers', 'ball girl-ball boys', 'timid paragons', and 'halfway students' Enthusiastic student was characterised by learning ability and attitude in his classroom, Officious helper by interference in other students in classes, Modifiers by the his tendency of exchange and execuse about the teacher-assigned-task, Ball girls-ball boys by yield their opportunity to participation in games and took peripherial position as by-hnaders, Timid paragons by work his task only when the teacher let him ordered and listen to teacher's explanation attentively, Halfway students by very bad learning attitude and made distribute the learning circumstances by their mischief. The result of this study were as follows;

발칸과 러시아에서의 종교·민족갈등

윤덕희 명지대학교 인문과학연구소 1996 인문과학연구논총 Vol.15 No.-

초음파 비선형 음향 효과 및 X-선 회절법을 이용한 2.25Cr-1Mo 강의 열화 손상 평가

김덕희,박은수,박익근,변재원,권숙인 한국산업안전학회 2002 한국안전학회지 Vol.17 No.4

It was attempted to evaluate the degree of degradation of thermally aged 2.25-1Mo steel by ultrasonic nonlinear parameter(UNP) measurement and X-ray diffraction analysis of extracted carbide. Artificial aging was performed to simulate the microstructural degradation in 2.25Cr-1Mo steel arising from long time exposure at 540℃. Microstructural analysis (number of carbides per unit area) and measurements of mechanical properties(Vickers hardness, DBTT) and degradation evaluation parameters(UNP and intensity ratio of X-ray diffraction peak of electrolytically extracted carbied) were performed. Both of UNP and intensity ratio of X-ray diffraction peak for M6C carbied to that of M23C6 carbied(IR) increased abruptly in the initial 100 hour of aging and then changed little. UNP and IR were proposed as potential parameters to evaluate the degree of aging degradation of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel.

교량 탐사용 로봇 개발

김덕후,김효곤,조국,강민성,박상덕,손웅희 한국공작기계학회 2008 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2008 No.-

The purpose of maintaining of bridges was to secure of them and expend its life. They wereneeded to have a regular safety check. But, most parts of a bridge were not able to access easily for people so it was difficult to maintain. To improve it, the flight mechanism and mobile mechanism were combined to examine with moving when they were attaching to bridges up and down. The flight mechanism is a co-axial-rotor-helicopter shape that cut the body down and can be done hovering. The mobile mechanism was shaped to move every direction with holding the position of a robot. These robot platforms showed possibilities to use them not only for observation and patrol but they could be used for a new usage with transformation of flying robots. This paper was focused on location maintaining when a robot was examined a bridge. The flight mechanism would only have thrust and adhesive force, the mobile mechanism would be used for moving. Therefore, defining the mechanistic model of the mobile mechanism has proved the validity of the model through simulations and experiments.

후지(厚地) 면직물의 특성에 관한 연구(Ⅰ) : Frazier법에 의한 통기도

변희윤,김덕리,구자길,황백순 부산대학교 1999 生産技術硏究所論文集 Vol.56 No.-

This paper describes the properties and air permeability of heavy cotton fabrics. The physical properties (air permeability and water vapor transmission in fiber assembly) have considerable effects on hygiene and comfort. The studies on air permeability and water vapor transmission were carried out using many types of apparatus. In this study, air permeability, open free area, relative open free area, pore diameter, and water vapor transmission were obtained by computerized Frazier Method. Air permeability of heavy cotton fabrics has correlation with open free area and relative open free area, respectively (r=0.9 over). By controlling the fabric count and yarn diameter, we could predict air permeability. As the ratio of open free area, relative open free area, and air permeability were increased, the value of water vapor transmission resistance was decreased. 본 연구는 후지 면직물의 특성에 관한 첫 번째 연구로 후지 면직물의 통기도에 관해서 조사하였다. 섬유집합체의 통기성과 투습성은 위생성능면과 쾌적성 평가면에서 매우 중요한 인자중의 하나이다. 따라서 섬유집합체의 통기성과 투습성에 관한 연구는 오래 전부터 행해졌으며 여러 가지형의 시험기도 개발되어 왔다. 그중 본 연구에서는 Frazier법으로 측정하여 통기성과 평면기공률, 상대평면기공률, Pore diameter 및 투습저항과의 관계를 조사해본 결과 면 후지직물의 통기성은 평면기공률, 상대평면기공률과 각각 정상관의 관계이고(r=0.9이상), 직물의 밀도와 실의 지름을 제어함으로써 통기성을 예측할 수 있었고 직물의 평면기공률, 상대평면기공률, 공기투과도가 크면 투습저항이 적어졌다.

時變磁界 測定用 센서에 관한 硏究

이복희,백용현,박형기,정승수,전덕규 경북대학교 센서기술연구소 1992 센서技術學術大會論文集 Vol.3 No.1

유한요소법과 경계요소법을 이용한 음향트랜스듀서의 음향방사 특성 해석

남효덕,서희돈,고영준,장호경 嶺南大學校 工業技術硏究所 2001 工業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.29 No.2

The acoustic characteristics of the acoustic transducer was simulated by using the finite element method(FEM) and boundary element method(BEM). After meshing the inside closed boundary of the acoustic transducer, pressure gradients, isobaric lines, directivity characteristics and acoustic impedances were calculated by using the FEM and characteristics of 3-D free field sound pressure, directivity characteristics and radiation efficiency were simulated by using the BEM. It was shown that the usefulness of the design and the fabrication for the acoustic transducer from the results.

색채분석에서의 감성공학 적용

이덕상,조정희 昌原大學校 人文科學硏究所 1995 人文論叢 Vol.2 No.-

知る·分かる·알다 に關する硏究 : 敎え立場に立つて

裵德姬 상명대학교 교육문제연구소 1991 敎育硏究 Vol.11 No.-

Koreans have impediment in learning Japanese. Especially, Koreans are easy to misuse verbs because they understand the semantic area of Japanese verbs are the same at the one of Koreans. The purpose of this paper is to compare and to contrast the semantic usage of 'siru' and 'wakaru' in Japanese. They are translated into 'alta' in Korean. I discussed usage of themselves and compound word, and demonstrated the subtle differences of usage 'siru' and 'wakaru' through comparison of 'alta' in Korean. 1. It is possible to translate 'siru', 'wakaru' in Japanese to 'alta in Korean at the exaples in dictionary. But 'alta' in Korean can be translated four expressions in Japanese. It represents that 'alta' has wider semantic area than the one of 'siru' and 'wakaru'. 2. In the case of compound words Japanese verbs have more wider than Korean ones 3. 'Siru' means to acquire Knowledge and 'wakaru' means to be clear from the uncertain Knowledge. 4. Cognitive acquisition has severl steps. Native speakers acquire 'wakaru' after 'siru'. The way to send the coginitive object is used in other area rather than language. 5. 'siru' is used in the expressions which have explicit information, the expressions when people have and acquaintances each other, and maxims or proverbs. 6. The usage of 'wakaru' 1) in the case of representing the width of time and process. 2) in the case of 'understanding', 'I agree with you' 3) in the case the antecedent of conditionals express the future action 4) in the case antecedent express the reason of the next clause of it the other usage of 'wakaru' when 'wakaru' is used an action verbs it is used the expressions of hope, passive, possibility. This paper is for the Korean learners of Japanese. I hope this paper will be contributed as one instructions for the correct use of language.