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The Pathophysiology and Mechanism of Acute and Chronic Whiplash Injury: A Narrative Review
Donghwi Park 대한통증연구학회 2022 International Journal of Pain Vol.13 No.1
Patients with whiplash injuries usually complain of neck, shoulder, or back pain; dizziness; headache; vertigo; paresthesias; and cognitive or psychological symptoms. However, to date, whiplash injury also remains one of the most poorly understood motor vehicle injuries. The source of initial symptoms among patients with whiplash injuries is often unclear. It is generally assumed that the symptoms of patients with whiplash injuries have an organic basis. This review briefly summarized the pathophysiology and mechanisms being investigated by many researchers to potentially explain whiplash injury. Each anatomical area described is injured during a whiplash exposure if the impact during whiplash injuries exceeds that tissue’s tolerance. For each anatomical area affected during whiplash injuries, continued research is necessary to better understand the pathophysiology and mechanisms of whiplash injuries. A better understanding of each potentially injured anatomical area during whiplash injuries will help improve the management of whiplash injuries.
Conference Summary of the 2022 Fall Conference of the Korean Pain Research Society
Donghwi Park,Sang-heon Lee,Hue Jung Park,Nackhwan Kim,Jin-Young Oh,Min Cheol Chang 대한통증연구학회 2022 International Journal of Pain Vol.13 No.2
On October 30, 2022, the 2022 Fall conference of the Korean Pain Research Society (KPRS), the Korean branch of the International Association of the Study of Pain (IASP), is a pivotal academic society that promotes research, exchange, and collaboration in all foundational disciplines and clinical fields related to pain (e.g., anesthesiology, neurosurgery, neurology, orthopedic surgery, rehabilitation medicine, mental health, and dentistry) and aims to attain the goals of the IASP, namely pain treatment and a multidisciplinary research approach. In this review, we summarized the programs of the 2022 Fall conference of the KPRS.
The mechanism of action of pulsed radiofrequency in reducing pain: a narrative review
Donghwi Park,장민철 영남대학교 의과대학 2022 Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine Vol.39 No.3
Pain from nervous or musculoskeletal disorders is one of the most common complaints in clinical practice. Corticosteroids have a high pain-reducing effect, and their injection is generally used to control various types of pain. However, they have various adverse effects including flushing, hyperglycemia, allergic reactions, menstrual changes, immunosuppression, and adrenal suppression. Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) is known to have a pain-reducing effect similar to that of corticosteroid injection, with nearly no major side effects. Therefore, it has been widely used to treat various types of pain, such as neuropathic, joint, discogenic, and muscle pain. In the current review, we outlined the pain-reducing mechanisms of PRF by reviewing previous studies. When PRF was first introduced, it was supposed to reduce pain by long-term depression of pain signaling from the peripheral nerve to the central nervous system. In addition, deactivation of microglia at the level of the spinal dorsal horn, reduction of proinflammatory cytokines, increased endogenous opioid precursor messenger ribonucleic acid, enhancement of noradrenergic and serotonergic descending pain inhibitory pathways, suppression of excitation of C-afferent fibers, and microscopic damage of nociceptive C- and A-delta fibers have been found to contribute to pain reduction after PRF application. However, the pain-reducing mechanism of PRF has not been clearly and definitely elucidated. Further studies are warranted to clarify the pain-reducing mechanism of PRF.
Development of a Hybrid Harmony Search for Water Distribution System Design
Donghwi Jung,Doosun Kang,Joong Hoon Kim 대한토목학회 2018 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.22 No.4
Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms (MOA) have been widely employed for optimal designs of Water Distribution System(WDS). Generally, the size, capacity, and location of WDS components (e.g., pipes, pumps, and tanks) are determined in the WDSdesign. Therefore, solutions with good fitness have engineeringly sound value of decision variables and share commonality. Forexample, a solution with transmission pipes bigger than distribution pipes is better with respect to fitness than that with the opposite casein the pipe sizing problem. However, few efforts have been made to consider good fitness rules in the optimization. In this study, wedevelop a hybrid harmony search (HyHS) algorithm that combines Harmony Search (HS) and a rule induction algorithm. The proposedHyHS algorithm’s performance is compared with an improved GA, improved HS, and hybrid GA through optimizations of well-knownbenchmark functions and two WDS designs. The four algorithms are first applied to the optimization of the De Jong functions. Then, theleast-cost and robustness-based design problems of New York tunnel system are solved using the four algorithms. The application resultsconfirm that the proposed HyHS outperforms the other algorithms in terms of computational speed and effectiveness.