우리말의 운율적 단위에 관하여

곽동기 新羅大學校 1989 論文集 Vol.28 No.-

Prosodic phonology is presented by Nespor and Vogel to explain the inconsistent mapping of morpho-syntax and phonology since there are some phono ogical phenomena which cannot be explained in terms of morpho-syntactic informations such is boundaries. They established the hierarchical prosodic units, that is, syllable, foot, phonologcal word, clitic group, phonological phrase, intonational phrase, utterance. Selkirk also propose the hierarchical prosodic structure similar to that of Nespor and Vogel. Some prosodic units should be established in Korean, too, since we can find the insufficiency of the morpho-syntactic information in the application of phonological rules. But syllable and phonological word are mainly discussed as the prosodic units in this paper. Syllabification is applied within the phonoloical word, obeying the Maximal Onset Principle, but resyllabification is applied across the phonological words. Resyllabification, however, has two phases: it is obligatory when the outer domain is phonological word, whereas, it is optional when the outer domain is phonological phrase. Syllable also provied the applicational domain of the phonological rules more consistently in the description of phonological rules such as Obstruent Neutralization and Consonant Cluster Reduction if syllable is used as the prosodic unit. The phonological word is not necessarily identical with syntactic terminal element. There can be two or more phonological words in compound. Some phonologcal rules can be formulated simplier without any boundary symbols or other devices when the phonological words provide the applicational domain of the phonological rules. This fact is comfirmed in the description of the phonological rules such as n-epenthesis rule, n-deletion rule. 1→n rule, and 1-insertion rule. Further studies about the other prosodic units should be done to prove the validity of the above suggestion since this paper deal with a small number of data.

영어오류음의 분석에 대하여

곽동기,손태정 부산여자대학교 교육과학연구소 1998 교육과학연구 Vol.- No.3

When learners acquire English as a second language or a foreign language, there are many pronunciation errors. In the contrastive analysis, the errors come from the difference of consonant and vowel system, the difference of syllable structures, and the difference of phonological rules. In this thesis the way of error analysis is carried out on the basis of Optimality Theory. In Optimality Theory, rules or constraints are violable and ranked, then the candidate which can best-satisfy the constraint hierarchy is selected. The optimal form, the best-satisfying candidate, for Korean learners may be an incorrect pronunciation for native speakers. Korean phonological rule hierarchy intervene English phonological rule hierarchy. The disturbance of rule hierarchy is the cause of pronunciation errors. Errors which are related the Cluster Condition, Nasalization, Vocalization, Tensification, Palatalization, Aspiration, and Hiatus Avoidance are analyzed. The larger part of analysis is focused on the Cluster Condition that prevents consonant cluster on a syllable onset and coda. Korean learners pronounce consonant cluster with ??-epenthesis. For reduction of pronunciation errors related with consonant cluster, I recommend to use fifteen century consonant cluster to English teachers. In case of errors related with Nasalization, Vocalization, Tensification, Korean learners lose nasality, and vocality feature In Palatalization, they insert 'n' and in Hiatus Avoidance they insert 'y' when they pronounce. In Aspiration they lose 'h' and add aspiration feature to the neighboring segment. And in this thesis, the replacement of some phonemes are not explained such as replacing /??/ with /우/ , /??/ with /이/, /??/ with /ㅅ/, /??/ with /ㄷ/.

음향방사로 인한 주기구조물에의 모우드 해석

박상기,임경택,이동하,김택현,김종태 朝鮮大學校 機械技術硏究所 1999 機械技術硏究 Vol.2 No.2

In this study, the mode shape of infinite fluid loaded plate is examined. The stiffeners are assumed to be equally spaced and exert only force on the Plate. The response of a fluid loaded ㄷ-type stiffened plate to a convected harmonic pressure and the far field radiation Produced by a point force excitation have been found by using Fourier transforms, a method which is particularly useful when fluid loading is included. At low and high frequencies the far field Pressure for a point excited stiffened plate is dominated by the fluid properties and the properties of the plate at the point of excitation. Mode in the far field pressure is found at the given direction of scattering frequencies, and in these frequencies the stationary phase wave frequencies are found to coincide with the free wave propagation constants for the stiffened plate. Also, the variation in the modes of the sound pressure level is increased with the increases of the bay space and in the bay area

음운규칙 순서의 패러독스에 관하여

곽동기 新羅大學校 1993 論文集 Vol.36 No.1

The rules n-lateralization and aspiration in Korean are traditionally described as mirror image rules which are designed to simply the rule description connected with the linguistically significant generallzations. But the simplified n-lateralization can cause the Ordeing Paradox with l-nasalization and the simplified aspiration with syllable-final neutralization by violating asymmetry condition in the linear rule ordering. This paper intends to solve the above problem in terms of prosodic phonology. In the prosodic phonology prosodic structure which are hierarchically constructed of prosodic units such as syllable. phonological word. phonological phrase. and intonational phrase is formed on the basis of morphological word. phonological phrase. and intonational phrase is formed on the basis of morphological. semantic. pragmatic informations including syntactic ones. The prosodic units provide the domains where the phonological rules apply. The rule n-lateralization should be divided into two different rules since they have different domains in the rule applications. And the rule aspiration should. too. N-nasalization should also be divided into two separate rules which can be called as domain limit rule and domain span rule. The rule syllable-final neutralization should be revised as the rule h-neutralization rule because of the special behavior of /h/. The natural rule ordeing can be given between the divided n-lateralization and the revised l-nasalization. And the same thing happens between the divided aspiration and the revised h-neutralization. too. Therefore. the ordering paradoxes can be eliminated in the prosodic phonology.

운율단위들에 대한 제약

곽동기 新羅大學校 1996 論文集 Vol.42 No.1

The prosodic structure is hierarchically constructed of prosodic units(syllable, foot, prosodic word, phonological phrase, intonational phrase) which obey the strict layer hypothesis. But the analyses of many natural languages challenge the justification of the hypothesis. It says (1) the upper prosodic units dominate lower units; (2) the lower prosodic units never dominate the upper ones; (3) the two prosodic units must not have a overlapping dominance for a lower prosodic unit; (4) the prosodic units must not dominate the same level of prosodic units. Selkirk(1993) proposed the four primitive component constraints(Headedness, Layeredness, Exhaustivity, and Nonrecursivity) rather than a monolithic hypothesis according as many counterexamples for the hypothesis can be found. Each constraint can be violable in Optimality Theory. But her four constraints cannot solve the problem of overlapping. So one needs one more constraint, that is, Nonoverlapping. Ito & Mester(1992) divided the four component constraints into two parts; the invariant properties of headedness and layeredness built into the Gen., whereas the varible properties of exhausitivity and nonrecursivity belong to the evaluation where the optimal form among candiadtes is selected by the ranking of violable constraints. But this method makes the four primitive constraints of strict layer hypothesis divided into two parts, so only two constraints participate in selecting an optimal form with other phonological constraints. In addition, headedness and exhausitivity belong to different parts respectively, though they refer to the dominance relation of upper prosodic unit to the lower ones. This paper assumes that all the constraints of the strict layer hypothesis belong to the same levels, and that the constraints headedness and exhausitivity are combined into a single constraints, and that the highest constraint in the ranking is layeredness, so the candidate violating that constraint is filtered out. The strict layer hypothesis is not so strict, since it decomposed into the four vioable constraints. They are shown as follows: Headedness : A constituent of level Ci in the Prosodic Structure must dominate only a constituent of level ??, and must not dominate any constituent of two and more level down. Layeredness : A constituent of level Ci in the Prosodic Structure must not dominate a upper constituent ??(n≥1). Nonecursivity : A constituent of level Ci in the Prosodic Structure must not dominate a constituent of the same level ??. Nonoverlapping : A constituent of level Ci in the Prosodic Structure must not be dominate simultaneously by two different constituents of the level ??.

카드뮴의 血液內 ALAD 活性沮害作用에 對한 마늘의 抑制效果에 關한 試驗管內實驗

李東基,閔在基,車喆煥 고려대학교 의과대학 1985 고려대 의대 잡지 Vol.22 No.1

It has been already reported through animal(albino rat) experiments that Korean garlic containing abundant amount of thiol compounds such as -SH and -S-S- radicals, has the effects of reducing heavy metals and consequently improving the histopathological changes 'in some organs in case of heavy metal poisoning with cadmium and mercury. However, the mechanism of such effects produced in human body by the garlic has yet to be revealed. The hypothesis of this study is that garlic may bind with cadmium and render cadmium inactive before producing toxic effects in tissues. Therefore. to examine the binding action of garlic with the heavy metal, cadmium, garlic extracts and garlic ingredient, allyldisulfide, were first mixed prior to reacting the mixture with various concentrations of cadmium in human blood specimens, in vitro, and activities of ALAD in blood were observed. The same procedure was done with penicillamine, a chelating agent used to treat heavy metal poisoning clinically, to compare with the effect of garlic. The results are as follows: 1. While the ALAD activities of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mMoles of cadmium in blood were 17~33% of the normal one, those of cadmium reacted with garlic extract were 33~68% of the normal one. Consequently, the latter showed 15~35% increase of activity. The data shows the possibility that some part of cadmium was inactivated by garlic, by the fact that the ALAD activity of 0.01 mMole cadmium and that of 0.1 mMole cadmium with garlic extract were nearly the same. 2. In case of allyldisulfide, the suppressive effect in the inhibitory action of cadmium on the ALAD activity in blood was also observed; the potency of effect was lower than that of garlic extract. 3. Compared with penicillamine, the effect of garlic was 1.2 times that of penicillamine, and that of allyldisulfide was similar to that of penicillamine.

신약의 개발과 임상시험

손동렬,권준택,김형기,염윤기 순천향의학연구소 2004 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.10 No.1

의미단위에 의한 읽기 지도방안

곽동기 신라대학교 교육과학연구소 1999 교육과학연구 Vol.- No.4

AbstractReading process is a productive activity through which a reader will catch the author's ideas with the help of his own background knowledge. It can help the students to improve the fluency of English in our situations in which there are not enough chances to meet native speakers.An experiment was performed to the 5 middle school students to know whether reading the texts by way of the sense units is effective or not. The sense unit was proposed by Selkirk to express the argument structure and modifying structure. The result of the experiment shows that reading through the sense units help the students to reduce the reading time, understand the given texts more precisely and feel comfortable.The informants also shows the tendencies that they usually read the given texts word by word, or with unsuitable phrasing if they are not controlled by the sense unit. That habit can be a factor to block the improvement of reading comprehension ability. So a careful instruction should be given to the learner to catch the meaning or the texts by way of sense units. In particular, learners should be guided to practice combining the given words to understand the modifying structures such as noun phrases and argument structure such as prepositional phrases.Reading comprehension ability can be affected by many factors such as learners' background knowledges, vocabulary, cohesion and syntactic structures. But a reading strategy can be focused on the sense units based on the syntactic structures which can be helpful to catch the meaning of the texts maximally regardless of learners' individual differences.

R-12 냉매용 냉동장치의 성능에 미치는 R-12와 R-134a 냉매의 효과

이홍기,장동호,정용진,강형석 강원대학교 산업기술연구소 2000 産業技術硏究 Vol.20 No.B

High pressure, pressure ratio, refrigerating effect, heat transfer from the condenser and the power of the compressor etc. of a self-made refrigeration equipment for R-12 are investigated when R-12 and R-134a are used as the coolants. The comparison between the performance for R-12 and that for R-134a is made. As a result, R-134a is better than R-12 in the view of high pressure, refrigerating effect and the coefficient of performance and vice versa in the view of pressure ratio, exit gas temperature from the compressor and heat transfer from the condenser.

율무쌀의 添加가 肉鷄의 成長, 肉質 및 血液像에 미치는 影響

金基元,姜奉泰,文点東,李乙熙 진주산업대학교 1981 論文集 Vol.19 No.-

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of added 1%(T1), formular feed+hulled Coix Lacyma L.3%(T2), formular feed+hulled Coix Lacyma L. 5%(T3) and formular feed+hulled Coix Lacyma L.7%(T4), on Water Holding Capacity, Tenderness, PH and Blood Picture for 56 days from July 20, 1981 to September 4, the same year at brooder house, Jinju Agricultural and Forestry Junior Technical College. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Chemical compositions of Coix Lacryma L. were moisture 12.15%, crude protein 14.25%, crude fat 2.0%, crude fiber 12.55%, NFE 53.16% and crude ash 5.07%. 2. Body weight gain was highest in the T3 plot and there were signigicant(p<.05) differences between the others except C, T1 and T4. 3. Feed efficiency and feed intake of T3 were superior to those of all the others and there were significant(p<.05) differences between the others except C1-T1 and T2-T4. 4. Benefit per kg Broiler was highest with 225.76 won in the T3 and next was 216.1 won in the T2 and in the others, was lower than 207.5 won of C plot. 5. As WHC, Tenderness and PH in breast and leg muscle were 58.0:56.6, 110.2: 109.9 and 6.77:6.72, those of breast muscle were slightly high. 6. Means of RBC, Homoglobin and WBC were 252±20.19×10 exp (6)/㎣, 7.5±9.13 gm/ml and 18.1±1.44×10 exp (3)/㎣. 7. Percentages of white blood cell were lymphocyte 60.9±3.09, heterophile, 21.8±3.55, Eosinophile 2.3±1.03, basophile 1.9±07 and monocyte 13.1±2.89%.