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Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome: What We Know and What We Don`t
( Don D. Sin ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2017 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.80 No.1
Approximately one in four patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have asthmatic features consisting of wheezing, airway hyper-responsiveness or atopy. The Global initiative for Asthma/Globalinitiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease committee recently labelled these patients as having asthma-COPD overlap syndrome or ACOS. ACOS also encompasses patients with asthma, ≥40 years of age, who have been cigarette smokers (more than 5-10 pack years) or have had significant biomass exposure, and demonstrate persistent airflow limitation defined as a post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV<sub>1</sub>)/forced vital capacity of <70%. Data over the past 30 years indicate that patients with ACOS have greater burden of symptoms including dyspnea and cough and show higher risk of COPD exacerbations and hospitalizations than those with pure COPD or pure asthma. Patients with ACOS also have increased risk of rapid FEV<sub>1</sub> decline and COPD mortality. Paradoxically, experimental evidence to support therapeutic decisions in ACOS patients is lacking because traditionally, patients with ACOS have been systematically excluded from therapeutic COPD and asthma trials to maintain homogeneity of the study population. In this study, we summarize the current understanding of ACOS, focusing on definitions, epidemiology and patient prognosis.
Error Analysis in Two Nigerian Newspapers
Don’ Emenike,Success Asuzu 한국중원언어학회 2016 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.41
The purpose of this study was to explicate the nature of errors shown in two Nigerian newspapers, Punch and Vanguard. For the purpose, the authors of this study first identified errors shown in the newspapers, and then classified them into some categories. Finally, they made an attempt to explain the causes of the errors. In analyzing errors, this study employed theoretical frame works of Corder’s error analysis and Selinker’s interlanguage. Through a qualitative analysis, the authors identified and analyzed twenty-one errors in both newspapers. Some types of errors that were more frequently identified were prepositional errors, capitalization errors, malapropism, and others. It was found that error types in both newspapers were identical, probably because the writers/journalists would experience the same sociolinguistic background and educational system. The errors shown in the two newspapers could be instances of interlanguage transfer or poor knowledge of English grammar rules. The study made some implications for L2 language teaching as the analyzed errors could serve useful resources in terms of curriculum design for educating L2 learners in professional and other language learning situations.
金榮敦 成均館大學校 1976 論文集 Vol.23 No.-
In Zif's continuous distribution, f(x)=A/x^k for 0<k≤x≤∞, 1<k≤2 and A>O, this paper has studied about, it is found that the arthmetic mean and variance don't exist. In analysing the distribution of vector composition, on the second dimension, the following result are proved. (1) P. D. F and Vn(t) of ∑^n(_i=1)X_i composited with n independent random variable X_i (i=1,2,……n) of p. d. f such that g(x)=1/(π√(1-x^2)) for 0<x<1 (3-2-1) are consisted with the result of L. Rayleigh. (2) In case that L (length of each Vector) has the uniform distribution on (0.1), E[L^2]=1/3 which consisted with the result founded by the method of (3-2-2). (3) moreover, where L=1, the above also consisted with the result by the method of (3-2-1). On the ground of above result, this paper tries it to apply to the vector analysis of the migration of population center.
전문대학 교양영어 교육에 대한 실태 연구 : 대전지역을 중심으로 Focused on Students Attitudes in Daejeon Area
주양돈 한국현대영어영문학회 2002 현대영어영문학 Vol.46 No.1
This paper aims at analyzing the management situation of English program for liberal arts in junior colleges in the Daejeon area and analyzing students attitudes toward the English program they took. For the study, four instructors and 425 college students from four junior colleges in Daejeon were given questionaires in order to get the data. The result revealed as follows: 1) Fifty one percent of the subjects were not satisfied (very unsatisfied and mostly unsatisfied) with the English class for liberal arts and the difference of the degree of satisfaction from each college students were significantly different. 2) The surveyed students whose majors were social studies, engineering, arts and physical education preferred English conversation (listening and speaking) class (30%) for their liberal arts, however, the students majoring in nursing and health preferred practical English for their majors. 3) Most of the students complained of big class sizes and wanted to divide the students into smaller groups. 4) The colleges don't have effective management sytems of English program for liberal arts. The paper suggests that improved organization for the English program is required in order to arrange the budget and manpower for the effective management of the program. The big classes should be divided into smaller groups and the class division should be done based on the students levels. Various kinds of courses for English should be offered for the students to choose. The text should be well chosen or designed for the student-oriented and task-based lessons. The class should be more focused on improving students communicative ability.
조돈문 가톨릭대학교 사회과학연구소 2007 社會科學硏究 Vol.23 No.-
청소노동자들의 노동조건은 열악하고 이는 파견용역이라는 고용형태에서 비롯된 것임은 익히 잘 알려져 있다. 하지만 청소용역노동자들에 대한 심층연구는 찾기 어렵다. 본 연구의 연구목적은 청소노동자들 가운데 파견용역직 노동자들의 노동조건과 생활실태를 파악하는 것이다. 본 연구로 확인한 청소용역노동자들의 노동조건과 생활실태를 다음과 같이 정리될 수 있다. 청소용역노동자들의 노동조건은 근무 기관들 사이에 큰 편차를 보이고 있으며, 대학과 병원이 타 기관들에 비해 열악하며, 사적부문에 비해 공적부문이 더 열악한 것으로 나타났다. 청소용역노동자들은 물질적 곤궁으로 취업했음에도 불구하고 노동자들에 대한 물질적 보상 수준은 매우 열악하여 저임금 수준과 그로 인한 생활고는 청소용역노동자들 불만의 핵심을 형성하고 있다. 청소용역노동자들은 저임금과 열악한 노동조건에도 불구하고 사회에 대한 기대수준이 별로 높지 않아 기대와 희망까지 포기한 체념상태의 삶을 영위하고 있음을 보여준다. 청소용역노동은 도급용역계약의 외양을 띠고 있지만 원청업체 관리자의 실질적 개입 현상은 불법파견의 성격도 지니고 있음을 확인시켜준다. 청소용역노동자의 노동기본권은 존중되지 않고 부당노동행위 등 노동관계법 위반 현상이 확산·고착되어 일상화·보편화되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 노동부를 중심으로 한 정부에 대한 청소용역노동자들의 불신의 정도는 매우 높은 것으로 나타났다. 청소용역노동자들의 노동기본권에 대한 지식정보가 매우 부족하여 권리의식이 발달하지 못하고 결국 적극적으로 노동조건을 개선하기 어렵게 하는 것으로 나타났다. It is well known that working conditions of cleaning workers are very inferior owing to their status of subcontracting. It is not easy, however, to find in-depth studies of subcontracted cleaning workers. This study aims to study working and living conditions of subcontracted cleaning workers. There are significant variations across types of employer in terms of working conditions, while universities and hospitals turn out to be the worst employers and the public sector is worse than the private sector. Although cleaning workers entered into labor market out of poverty, they ended up with those jobs of low wages so that they come to complain of poor wages more than any other things. Despite their poor working conditions, cleaning workers don’t expect too much because they see very little possibility of improvement. Although subcontracted cleaning jobs take the form of legal subcontracting, they turn out to be illegal dispatching in many cases with the direction of contractor firm personnels. Basic labor rights of subcontracted cleaning workers are not respected in work places. Subcontracted cleaning workers do not dare to appeal to government authorities including the branches of Labor Ministry which don’t look dependable. Subcontracted cleaning workers have very little knowledge of labor rights and labor laws, so that they have consciousness of labor rights underdeveloped and thus they are not so capable of improving their working conditions for themselves.
Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome: What We Know and What We Don't
Sin, Don D. The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory 2017 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.80 No.1
Approximately one in four patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have asthmatic features consisting of wheezing, airway hyper-responsiveness or atopy. The Global initiative for Asthma/Globalinitiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease committee recently labelled these patients as having asthma-COPD overlap syndrome or ACOS. ACOS also encompasses patients with asthma, ${\geq}40$ years of age, who have been cigarette smokers (more than 5-10 pack years) or have had significant biomass exposure, and demonstrate persistent airflow limitation defined as a post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$)/forced vital capacity of <70%. Data over the past 30 years indicate that patients with ACOS have greater burden of symptoms including dyspnea and cough and show higher risk of COPD exacerbations and hospitalizations than those with pure COPD or pure asthma. Patients with ACOS also have increased risk of rapid $FEV_1$ decline and COPD mortality. Paradoxically, experimental evidence to support therapeutic decisions in ACOS patients is lacking because traditionally, patients with ACOS have been systematically excluded from therapeutic COPD and asthma trials to maintain homogeneity of the study population. In this study, we summarize the current understanding of ACOS, focusing on definitions, epidemiology and patient prognosis.
이돈석 ( Don Suk Lee ) 東方漢文學會 2009 東方漢文學 Vol.0 No.40
이 논문은 2007년 개정 교육과정의 『검정 기준』과 『편찬상의 유의점』이 어떻게 달라졌는지 그 특징을 점검하고 한문 교과서 검정 제도의 문제는 무엇이며 이에 따른 보완 방향에 대해 살펴보았다. 이상의 논의를 바탕으로 필자는 다음과 같은 의견을 제시한다. 우선, 7차 교육과정과 2007년 개정 교육과정의 『검정 기준』과 『편찬상의 유의점』이 연례행사처럼 반복되고 있는 문제점이 있었다. 따라서 반복되어지는 기준들은 과감하게 제거하고 교과서 집필에 있어 최소한의 기준인 `공통 기준`만을 제시고 나머지 부분은 집필진들이 스스로 판단하도록 하는 새로운 검정 방법이 새로운 교과서를 만들기 위한 방법이 아닐까 생각되어진다. 다음으로 일반적, 추상적으로 진술되어 있는 『검정 기준』과 『편찬상의 유의점』을 가지고 교과서 합격, 불합격을 심사 하는 검인정 제도를 과감하게 타파하고 교과서 집필에 근간이 되는 『교육과정 해설서』를 지금 보다 구체적으로 진술하여 교과서 집필의 최소 기준으로써의 역할을 하도록 해야 할 것이다. 마지막으로, 교과서 `외형 체계`를 교과서 가격이 상승된다는 이유만으로 억제하고 있어 시각 매체에 길들여진 학생들에게 흥미를 잃게 만드는 문제점도 있었다. 따라서 교과서의 `외형 체계`에 대한 기준을 삭제하여 학생들의 흥미와 동기를 부여 해 줄 수 있는 창의적 교과서를 집필할 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다. 이상을 종합 했을 때 교과서의 검인정 제도를 유지 할 것이 아니라 교과서 집필의 최소 기준만을 제시하여 교과서를 검정하거나 교과서를 자유롭게 발행할 수 있는 자유 발행제로의 이행이 요구되어진다. A new revised curriculum in 2007 has been applied to the educational situation by textbooks. However, in Korea, when the textbooks are published, they are based on `standards for authorizing` and `instructions for publishing textbooks`, not on curriculum. This thesis is focused on revealing the problems of the current authorizing system by analyzing the `common standards` and `standards by subjects`, which are presented in `standards for authorizing` and `instructions for publishing textbooks` which are used in both the 7th national curriculum and the new revised curriculum in 2007. First, standards which are applied to both curriculums are almost same. As a result, `standards for authorizing` and `instructions for publishing textbooks` don`t play an effective role in publishing helpful textbooks. This shows that, rather than `standards for authorizing` and `instructions for publishing textbooks`, `the guide for curriculum` should be a standard for authorizing textbooks. Also, the current standards for authorizing textbooks force the publishing companies not to change the physical factors of textbooks, such as size, color, paper quality, which makes students lose interest in textbooks. Consequently, it is required that the current official approval system be abolished and the new system for publishing textbooks, that is free publishing system, be introduced.
On Form-function Mismatch Puzzles in Fragments
Hee-Don Ahn(안희돈),Sungeun Cho(조성은) 담화·인지언어학회 2006 담화와 인지 Vol.13 No.1
Fragmentary utterances refer to short answers smaller than grammatically complete sentence. Interestingly, the fragments convey the same propositional content that their full sentential counterparts do and have assertoric force. To capture this form-function mismatch, two types of analyses have been made so far: direct interpretation analyses and ellipsis analyses. The former assumes that fragments don't have hidden sentential structure and consist of non-sentential XPs. Hence, the expository burden from form-function mismatch is placed on syntax-semantics. The latter assumes that fragments have full sentential structure prior to ellipsis. Hence, compared with direct interpretation analyses, less simple syntactic structure is assumed. The ellipsis analyses have a crucial advantage such as preservation of usual syntax-semantic mapping: uniform factors in interpretation must stem from uniform syntactic source. This paper aims to show that the ellipsis analyses are more plausible in explaining grammatical properties of fragments. We claim that ellipsis approach is superior to alternatives in explaining both case-marked and non-case-marked fragments in Korean. Diverse evidence from case-matching, scope, P-stranding is presented to confirm our analysis.
"덕은 가르쳐질 수 있는가?"라는 물음의 도덕교육적 함의
김상돈 ( Sang Don Kim ) 한국윤리교육학회 2009 윤리교육연구 Vol.0 No.20
소크라테스는 『프로타고라스』와 『메논』에서 "덕은 가르쳐질 수 있는가?"라는 물음을 제시한다. 프로타고라스와 메논은 미묘한 차이가 있기는 하지만 모두 덕은 가르쳐질 수 있다고 주장한다. 하지만 소크라테스는 덕의 교육가능성과 덕의 지식가능성을 논리적으로 연결시키면서 만약 프로타고라스와 메논이 덕의 지식가능성을 입증하지 못한다면 그들은 부당 전제의 오류를 범하게 되는 것임을 주장한다. 왜냐하면 덕의 교육가능성은 덕의 지식가능성에 의존하기 때문이다. 덕의 지식가능성에 대한 논의는 "덕이란 무엇인가?"라는 물음에 관한 논쟁으로 이어진다. 그러나 두 대화편 모두에서 덕의 본질에 대한 최종적인 결론은 발견되지 않는다. 따라서 덕의 교육가능성 역시 미해결의 과제로 남게 된다. 소피스트의 상대주의적 관점을 비판하고 이성에 근거한 객관적인 지식을 추구한 것으로 알려진 소크라테스가 덕의 지식가능성과 교육가능성에 대해 확신하지 않았다는 점은 다소 의아한 것이다. 그렇다면 프로타고라스, 메논과의 논쟁에서 보여준 소크라테스의 의구심은 어떤 의미로 해석될 수 있는가? 본 논문은 덕의 교육가능성에 대한 물음과 논쟁을 분석하여 그것에 담긴 도덕교육적 함의를 탐색한다. This study is focused on Socratic question, "Can be virtue teachable", in Protagoras and Meno. In Protagoras, Protagoras insists that he can teach virtue, in particular, civic virtue, and he know what it is. But Socrates presents some questions to him. According to Socrates, we cannot have a conviction about the possibility, if we don`t have the knowledge about what virtue is. Similarly in Meno, Meno also ask a question to Socrates. The teachability of virtue and the possibility as knowledge of virtue are correlated. Socrates examines two theses. But the conclusion is disappointed. Socrates still open the question those two possibilities. This means that he, too, has not a cogent argument on what virtue is. Socrates`s hesitation shows a lot of implications about moral education. Can we teach morals? What is the moral that we intend to teach. Is it the same as Socratic virtue? Or, Is it different with ancient Greek virtue. Greek, arete, can it be interpreted as virtue, modern language? We can find the answer about these questions, by distinguishing and moral. Virtue can be totally reduced into moral. It has some different logical structure. Here, we can find the true meaning of virtue ethics. In moral education, moral virtue and moral principle or moral rule have competed each other. Nevertheless, without principle, virtue cannot be justified as contents of moral education, because teaching is possible by principle. Moral principle, moral rule, and moral knowledge cannot be separated in concept. Contrarily, moral knowledge with virtue is ineffective in moral education.
황병돈 ( Byeong Don Hwang ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2014 홍익법학 Vol.15 No.1
Some electronic record related crimes were provided in criminal act but the documentation of electronic record is available to study. According to prevalent theory and judicial precedents, electronic record is different from document because it has not the nature of document, visibility and readability. I think that the visibility is not the true nature of document or the essence of documentation like the originality. Because the concept of document is variable in ages and at places. We don`t have to maintain the conceptual view of document. The innovation of technology make electronic record as the important method of recording of idea and thought. We should understand eletronic record as a kind of document like painting. Then extra provisions of criminal law are not necessary. At this time the defect of electronic record related crimes needs to be amended.