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Entrepreneurial Universities - Towards a Revised Paradigm
Dirk Meissner 과학기술정책연구원 2017 STI Policy Review Vol.8 No.1
This article provides a comprehensive review of the entrepreneurial university concept and its place and role in the triple helix of university, industry, and government. This is increasingly important because stakeholders’ expectations towards universities are growing; this growth in turn leads to increased pressure on universities to move beyond their traditional roles and models towards taking responsibility for economic development, large scale basic education and targeted further education and the development of value from research. These expectations provide opportunities for universities, but impose threats on the existing models and practices. It further elaborates on implications for university management, departments, faculty members and supporting organizations. Moreover it reflects on the meaning of the entrepreneurial university for stakeholders, i.e., university boards, regional and national policy and administrative bodies, funding agencies, the business community, university ranking institutions and the global university community overall. Recent literature on entrepreneurial universities is incomplete and mostly focused on the commercialization of research, technology transfer and the third mission of universities. The article expands the predominant thinking about entrepreneurial universities and gives a broader structured definition. Eventually the article shows the need for STI policy to intervene and measures for developing entrepreneurial universities further.
Strain and crack development in continuous reinforced concrete slabs subjected to catenary action
Dirk Gouverneur,Robby Caspeele,Luc Taerwe 국제구조공학회 2015 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.53 No.1
Several structural calamities in the second half of the 20th century have shown that adequatecollapse-resistance cannot be achieved by designing the individual elements of a structure without taking their interconnectivity into consideration. It has long been acknowledged that membrane behaviour of reinforced concrete structures can significantly increase the robustness of a structure and delay a complete collapse. An experimental large-scale test was conducted on a horizontally restrained, continuous reinforced concrete slab exposed to an artificial failure of the central support and subsequent loading until collapse of the specimen. Within this investigation the development of catenary action associated with the formation of large displacements was observed to increase the ultimate load capacity of the specimen significantly. The development of displacements, strains and horizontal forces within this investigation confirmed a load transfer process from an elastic bending mechanism to a tension controlled catenary mechanism. In this contribution a special focus is directed towards strain and crack development at critical sections. The results of this contribution are of particular importance when validating numerical models related to the development of catenary action in concrete slabs.
Party System Fragmentation in Indonesia: The Subnational Dimension
Dirk Tomsa 동아시아연구원 2014 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.14 No.2
In this article I analyze the extent and causes of party system fragmentation in Indonesia’s provincial and district parliaments. Focusing on the results of the first three post-Suharto elections in 1999, 2004, and 2009, I first highlight that local-level fragmentation is not only generally higher than national-level fragmentation but also that it has consistently increased over the three elections and that fragmentation has been particularly high in Eastern Indonesia. I then explain these three trends as a result of three main factors: First, electoral institutions applied between 1999 and 2009 facilitated fragmentation and poor party system institutionalization, mainly due to the introduction of an open list system in 2009 and the absence of a parliamentary threshold at the local level. Second, low levels of party institutionalization progressively individualized local party politics and made it normal for candidates to switch to smaller parties if it suited their interests, thereby exacerbating fragmentation. Third, electoral campaigning for local parliaments has been dominated by traditional methods based on personal relationships and networks rather than lavish public relations campaigns with expensive TV ads, further reinforcing the effects of the first two factors.
Die Pflichten der kommunalen Volksvertreter in Deutschland
Dirk Ehlers,강기홍 한국지방자치법학회 2007 지방자치법연구(地方自治法硏究) Vol.7 No.1
지방자치단체의 대표 (게마인데 및 크라이스 의회의원)는 권리의 향유자일 뿐만 아니라 의무의 대상자이기도 하다. 일반적인 위임사항수행의무 (특히 조사할 의무, 지방의회와 크라이스 의회의 회의참석의무, 요청이 있을 경우 입장표명의무와 신청의무, 표결에 참석할 의무), 직무상 비밀유지의무, 편파적인 관여금지의무, (법률적 대리가 아닌 한)지자체를 상대로 한 제3자의 청구 (이의)와 이익을 대리하지 않을 의무, 지자체 기관과 그의 기업에서 받은 보수 (사례)가 지급받아야 할 액수 이상을 넘어선 경우 이를 환급해야 할 의무들이 여기에 속한다. 이 같은 의무위반의 경우 그들은 정치적 책임뿐만 아니라 일정한 제재를 받음으로써 법적인 책임도 짊어지게 된다. 여기에 해당될 수 있는 사항으로서 형사처벌, 벌금의 부과, 손해배상의무 및 (직무상의) 질서위반조처 (회의/의결의 종결 시까지)등이다. 이 경우 해당 조처의 비례성이 항상 고려되어야만 한다. (州) 지방자치법 (Gemeindeordnung)의 규정에는 신중함 (혹은 자제, 유보)과 균형이 강조되고 있다. 그래서 질서법은 단지 부분적으로 법률로써 규정되어 있다. 그 외의 경우들은 기관운영규칙, 즉 지방자치단체의 자치조직법에 맡기고 있다. 신중함에 대한 요청을 지나치게 강조하지 않기 위해, 또 지자체 대표의 결단력을 마비시키지 않기 위해, 그들이 고의 혹은 지나친 과실로 행동했을 때에 한해 손해배상조처나 벌금 정도를 명하는 수준이다. 이러한 전제조건들은 드물게 발생되어야 할 것이다. 부분적으로 의무위반들은 충분한 법적근거가 부재함으로 인해 벌할 수 없는 경우들이 있다.