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Energy Value of Carbohydrate and Lipids with Added Calcium for Growing Mice
Dania A. Khalil,Fredric N. Owens,Christa F. Hanson 한국식품영양과학회 2000 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.5 No.2
The caloric contribution of diets supplemented with sucrose, corn oil, or tallow with or without additional calcium was examined using female CD1 weanling mice. Mice were limit-fed a semi-purified diet alone or with added isocaloric amounts from sucrose, corn oil, or tallow for 28 days. In addition, diets with supplemental fat contained either 0.60% or 1.5% calcium. Fecal fat and fecal soap excretions were greater (p<0.06) for mice fed tallow than for those fed corn oil. Mean metabolizable energy values for sucrose, tallow, and corn oil averaged 4.01, 7.96, and 8.94 kcal, respectively. Retention of digested energy from sucrose, tallow and corn oil averaged 13%, 10% and 21%, respectively. Hence, per gram of added nutrient, retained energy from tallow averaged 1.60 and that from corn oil averaged 4.11 times that of added sucrose. Retained energy from added corn oil was greater (p<0.01) than from added tallow. On a retained energy basis, the relative value for corn oil was greater and the relative value for tallow was less than the metabolizable energy ratio of fat to carbohydrate proposed by Atwater of 2.25. Added calcium depressed (p<0.01) digestibilities of both dry matter and energy with a greater (p<0.01) effect on tallow than on corn oil. These findings imply that the source of fat and calcium in the diet influence the availability of energy in diets and should be considered in feed formulations.
Dania Batool,Faiz Majeed,Jonghoon Kim 전력전자학회 2021 전력전자학술대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.11
A battery-based inverter converts the DC source from the batteries to AC. These batteries are the basis for the entire system. This paper proposed a novel architecture for the inverter which requires fewer semiconductor switching devices. This will help to reduce the size, switching losses, and improve system efficiency. Herein, we suggest a new pulse width modulation technique to implement the concept of equal DC sources discharge. DC sources must be balanced in terms of their switching angles and voltage in order to reduce the total harmonic distortion by the maximum possible voltage sinusoidal. Additionally, a state-of-charge balancing technique is implemented by using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. A switch utilization comparison for traditional and proposed cascaded H-bridge is also presented for high number of output voltage levels.
Energy Value of Carbohydrate and Lipids with Added Calcium for Growing Mice
Khalil, Dania A.,Owens, Fredric N.,Hanson, Christa F. The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2000 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.5 No.2
The caloric contribution of diets supplemented with sucrose, corn oil, or tallow with or without additional calcium was examined using female CD1 weanling mice. Mice were limit-fed a semi-purified diet alone or with added isocaloric amounts from sucrose, corn oil, or tallow for 28 days. In addition, diets with suppelmental fat contained either 0.60% or 1.5% calcium. Fecal fat and fecal soap excretions were greater (p<0.06) for mice fed tallow than for those fed corn oil. Mean metabolizable energy values for sucrose, tallow, and corn oil averaged 4.01, 7.96, and 8.94 kcal, respectively. Retention of digested energy from sucrose, tallow and corn oil averaged 13%, 10% and 21%, respectively. Hence, per gram of added nutrient, retained energy from tallow averaged 1.60 and that from corn oil averaged 4.11 times that of added sucrose. Retained energy from added corn oil was greater (p<0.01) than from added tallow. On a retained energy basis, the relative value for corn oil was greater and the relative value for tallow was less than the metabolizable energy ratio of fat to carbohydrate proposed by Atwater of 2.25.Added calcium depressed(p<0.01) digestibilities of both dry matter and energy with a greater(p<0.01) effect on tallow than on corn oil. These findings imply that the source of fat and calcium in the diet influence the avail-ability energy in diets and should be considered in feed formulations.