1940년대 한반도의 국제관계와 분단

구대열 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1992 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.61 No.2

This is a study on Korean foreign relations in the 1940s with special emphasis on the division of the country after the liberation from the Japanese colonial rule. As far as Korea was concerned, this period provided a great opportunity for her to free herself from the yoke of an alien rule, as Great Powers in the world politics were directly engaged in World War Ⅱ for which the East Asia and the pacific became part of the major theaters. As a result of Japans defeat in the war, Korea obtained her national liberation, and eventually became independent, with two separated regimes in the south and the north. Of course, the division of the Korean peninsula was the direct result of the post-war policy of Allied Powers, especially the United States and the Soviet Union. This paper starts with the question of whether the division was due to the wrongly-conceived policy of the United States which was the driving force behind the contrivance of the so-called trusteeship over Korea(which is considered to have ultimately led to the division) or whether it could be justified with various reasons, taking for instances, as simple reflection of the existing balance of power among the Major Powers in the area after the war, as adherence to the tradition of US policy in East Asia, and as conformation of the view on Korea held by the powers for the past several decades. Tentative conclusions of this paper are as follows: First, although the United States bore the major burden in defeating Japan, she hardly became the sole heir in inheriting the whole estate of the dismantled empire of Japan for the strategic importance of the Korean peninsula made the neighboring Powers, especially China and the Soviet Union, to consider Korea to be vital to their national security. Moreover, the United States, a maritime power, has traditionally pursued a sort of balance of power policy in East Asia, a fact which implies that, although she had emerged as the most powerful nation in the post-war era, she was not willing to fully commit herself to the affairs in the area. The United States was also worried about the Soviet capability to mobilize and to equip Korean Communists in Siberia and about their connection with the sympathizers inside the peninsula, which were far greater than Korean nationalists in China, namely the Korean Provisional government in Chungking. In this connection, the paper argues that the Kuomintang China must share a great part of, if not direct, onus for the division of Korea. It has been generally known that Chiang Kai-shek had supported the independence of Korea in the Cairo declaration (1943) and had helped the Korean nationalists in China on their efforts to fight the Japanese. This fact cannot be disputed. However, Chin was more concerned about reasserting herself in Korea after the war, where she it had traditionally claimed suzerainty. For this reason, China did not envisage Korea becoming indepentent immediately after its liberation from Japan. Taking advantage of her position to provide the United States and Birtain with information about Korea and especially about Korean independence movement in China (which was an important factor in considering what kinds of independence-immediate, dominion status, or trusteeship to bestow in Korea), China gave Allied Powers somewhat unfair information, thus leading them to consider the Korean affairs through the Chinese looking-glass. Some aspects of trusteeship were that it was a modified from of domination in the history of Western colonialism, and that it was closely related to the perception of the Powers on Korean affairs since the opening of the country in the latter part of the last century. The experiences of the Western Powers in Korea were, in short, unpleasant-corruption and maladministration of the government, uninterrupted social disturbances, rivalries and conflicts of Foreign Powers over the peninsula. All these facts testified to their eyes the incompetence of the Korean people to stand alone, while reform polices which the Japanese upheld for their encroachment into Korea greatly impressed the Westerners. This kind of perception on the part of the Western Powers had not changed much during the Japanese colonial period. Thus, when Koreans were thinking of celebration for liberation and independence, the Powers were speedily agreeing on the principle of trusteeship which implied postponement of independence for the time being.

인간 타액선세포 및 선암종세포주의 분화 유도시 Transglutaminase발현과 고정의존성 성장과의 관계

박대열,이선경,이화정,장현주,민승기,김은철 大韓顎顔面成形再建外科學會 2003 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.25 No.2

Transglutaminase(TGase) catalyzes the Ca^2+ dependent acyl transfer reaction to from γ-glutamyl lysine cross-links between substrate proteins. we have examined the expression of TGase 1 and TGase 2 enzyme activity and protein expression in differentiation induced salivary gland cells(HSG), and human salivary adenocarcinoma cell lines(SGT)in reation to anchorage independent growth. The TGase1 and TGase 2 activity in SGT was higher than in HSG, and there is no significant difference between TGase 2 and TGase1 cells. HSG cells showed no increase in TGase 1 and TGase 2 upon reaching post confluence and in 1.8mM Ca^2+. Expression of the TGase 1 and TGase 2 was induced by high cell density or by high calcium in SGT. No induction of TGase 1 & 2 protein was observed in postconfiuent HSG cells, but there was notable increases in TGase 1 & 2 protein in post confiuent SGT cells. This pattern of TGase 1 & 2 protein expression correlates with the pattern of particulate activity. SGT cells showed more colony size and colony forming activity in soft agar rather than HSG cells. The ability of SGT cells, containing high levels of TGase 2 and TGase1,to form colonies in soft agar suggests a role for this enzyme in anchorage independence.

실업계 고등학생의 직업기초능력 향상을 위한 문제중심학습(PBL)의 효과

박동열,이성덕,김종오,조경희,강경심,박윤희,김대영 한국농업교육학회 2006 농업교육과 인적자원개발 Vol.38 No.4

21세기 지식기반사회는 전문지식뿐만 아니라 효율적인 직무 수행에 필요한 의사소통능력, 문제해결능력, 자기관리능력 및 직업의식 등의 직업기초능력이 강조되고 있다. 직업기초능력은 생의 어느 한 시기에 갑자기 이루어지거나 완성되는 l회적인 것이 아니라 개인의 생애단계에 따라 변화하고 발달하는 것이며 취업자뿐만 아니라 진학자에게도 잠재적으로 매우 중요한 요소이므로 실업계 고등학생의 직업기초능력 향상은 중요한 현안이라 할 수 있다. 이 연구는 여러 교수학습유형 중 실업계 고등학생의 직업기초능력 향상에 타당하리라 사료되는 문제 중심학습 모형(Problem-based learning model)을 선정, 이에 기초한 전문교과 수업을 실시하여 실업계 고등학생의 직업기초능력 향상에 기여할 수 있는지 실증적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 연구 목적 달성을 위해 「대학생의 직업기초능력 유형 검사도구(박동열, 2005)」를 실업계 고등학교 전문가 협의회를 통해 수정ㆍ보완, 이를 활용하여 실업계 고등학생의 직업기초능력을 파악하고, 문제중심학습 모형에 따른 실제 전문교과 수업을 통한 실업계 고등학생의 직업기초능력 향상 정도를 알아보기 위하여 농업계열, 공업계열, 상업계열, 가사ㆍ실업계열 4명의 현직 교사가 문제중심학습 수업 매뉴얼에 따라 실제 수업에 적용 하고 그 결과를 분석하였다. 연구 결과 문제중심학습 모형이 실업계 고등학생의 수업만족도에 긍정적인 영향을 끼쳤으며, 문제중심학습 모형에 따른 전문교과 수업을 통해 실업계 고등학생의 모든 영역의 직업기초능력(문제해결 및 발표 능력, 기술활용능력, 자원활용능력, 수리능력, 조직이해능력, 대인관계능력, 자기관리능력)이 향상되었음을 실증적으로 알 수 있었다. The purpose of this research was to analyze the fitness of problem-based learning(PBL) for improving the core competencies of vocational high school students. This study examined the core competencies of vocational high school students by using the advised BARS test for vocational high school. And in order to examine the effectiveness of the courses based on PBL, 4 teachers had taught the designed courses by PBL method during the regular class in vocational high school : agricultural; technical; commercial, home economic high schools. The major findings in this study were as follows: 1) The courses based on PBL had an positive effect on the class satisfaction of vocational High school students. 2) We found out that the courses based on PBL have a positive effect on improving vocational key competencies of Vocational High school students.

PDA 밸브에 의한 연소실내의 연소특성에 관한 연구

김대열,한영출,조재명,김양술,주신혁,박병완 한국공작기계학회 2003 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2003 No.-

An experimental study presents characteristics of combustion in a combustion chamber by port deactivation valve for economy and emissions standards. In order to use combustion properties data, it is necessary to build some data base, which use cylinder pressure sensor, etc. Port deactivation valve has been developed to satisfy requirement of achieving sufficient swirl generation to improve the combustion. A feasibility and necessity of combustion pressure based cylinder spark timing control has been examined. So, this was obtained the Coefficient of Variation(COV) and the mass-burned(MFB). The characteristics of pressure ratio fraction is similar to that of mass-burned fraction. Using the results of the test, the effects of the combustion chamber can be improved combustion stability by port deactivation.

제철소폐기물로부터 Calcium Ferrite의 제조

이대열,정원배 釜山大學校生産技術硏究所 1997 生産技術硏究所論文集 Vol.52 No.-

최근 환경규제가 강화되면서 주로 매립에만 의존하던 제철공정에서 발생하는 분진 및 슬러지 등의 폐기물을 재활용하는 연구가 진행되고 있다. 소결공정에서 발생하는 전기집진 분진(Fe₂O₃원)과 석회석 수세시 발생하는 슬러지(CaO,원)를 7:3 비율로 혼합한 후 1150∼1200℃에서 소성하여 철광석 소결광의 결합물질인 Calcium ferrite를 인위적으로 제조하였으며 이를 소결원료중 석회석과 대체하여 소결모사 시험을를 실시한 결과 소결생산성 및 소결광의 강도가 향상되었다. Recently, anti-pollution technologies have become a necessity and are required to protect the environment of the air, ground and water. A total recycling system was studied in order to produce the synthetic calcium ferrite (SCF) from wastes including a sinter waste E.P. (Electrostatic Precipitator) dust and limestone sludge, to be used as the flux in the sintering process. SCF could be made from a sinter waste E.P. dust and limestone sludge in a mixing ratio of 7:3 at a sintering temperature of 1150∼1200℃. In sinter simulation pot tests, the productivity and strength of the sinter showed a tendency to improve as the substitution ratio of the SCF increases from 0 to 50%.

大韓帝國時代의 국제관계

구대열 梨花女子大學校 韓國文化硏究院 1985 主題硏究 Vol.8 No.-

This paper is designd to explore some elements which can explain the international relations of the Korean empire (1896∼1905). Noting that the diplomatic history of the late Yi dynasty of Korea has been hitherto described in the light of either bilateral relations between Korea and major powers, or rivalries over the Korean peninsula among the powers concerned, this paper tries first to briefly follow policies of the major powers-namely Japan, Russia, Britain and the United States-towards Korea. The conclusion is that as far as foreign relations were concerned Korea virtually lost her independence and was at the mercy of the policies of foreign powers since the termination of the Sino-Japanese war in 1895. Moreover, Britain and the United States began to define their interest in Korea as non-political; and therefore the fate of Korea was heavily dependent upon the rivalry of Japan and Russia over the peninsula. The second part of this paper tries to discover the perception of the Korean government about her international environment. There existed various channels by which policies of the powers towards Korea were communicated to Seoul government; and in this respect the Koreans could correctly understand the implications of these policies for her future. But the response of the Korean government was short-sighted. The Koreans either ignored the potential threats to the independence of their country or simply looked for another power which could play a role to maintain the balance of power in the peninsula vis-a`-vis the allegedly expansionist power. The last part of the paper discusses the neutralization of Korea. In theory, this scheme could best guarantee, if accepted by the powers, the independence of Korea. But it failed largely due to the incapability of the Korean government to pursue the plan on a long-term basis. Besides, the United States and Britain dissociated themselves from Korea, refraining from committing themselves to Korea politically. Moreover, this scheme was invariably connected with Russian designs on other parts of the far east. When Russia was actively involved in Manchuria, she presented the neutralization of Korea, only attracting the suspicion of the powers. Thus the neutralization plan eventually failed and Korea became the protectorate of Japan when Japan excluded Russia by war from the Korean scene in 1905.

p-니트로톨루엔과 Fe(CO)_(5)로 부터의 p-톨루이딘 합성에 대한 상이동 촉매의 응용

박대원,문정열 부산대학교 1995 生産技術硏究所論文集 Vol.48 No.-

The application of phase transfer catalysts to the reduction of p-nitrotoluene by Fe(CO)_(5) has been investigated in this study. Quaternary ammonium salts and polyethylene glycols were used as phase transfer catalyst. The phase transfer catalytic system of p-nitrotoluene and Fe(CO)_(5) in organic solvent contacted with aqueous NaOH solution showed a good yield of p-toluidine at 1 atm and room temperature. Quaternary ammonium salt catalysts with larger alkyl group more hydrophilic counter anions showed higher conversion of p-nitrotoluene. Immobilization of PEG on various oxide supports was also performed in this work and γ-Alumina, having the largest specific surface area, showed the highest activity. 본 연구는 p-니트로톨루엔을 Fe(CO)_(5) 로 환원시켜 p-톨루이딘을 합성하는데 있어서 상이동 촉매의 특성을 고찰한 것이다. 상이동 촉매로는 4급 암모늄염과 폴리에틸렌글리콜을 사용하였고 p-니트로톨루엔과 Fe(CO)_(5)이 용해된 유기상과 NaOH 수용액상을 접촉시킨 상이동 촉매 반응은 상온, 상압에서 높은 수율로 p-톨루이딘을 합성할 수 있었다. 4급 암모늄염 촉매의 알칼기가 클수록 그리고 짝음이온의 친수성이 증가할수록 p-니트로톨루엔의 전화율이 증가하였다. PEG를 여러 가지 산화물 담체에 고정화시킨 경우 비표면적이 큰 γ-알루미나가 가장 높은 활성을 보여 주었다.

北韓·中共의 宗敎 政策

구대열 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1983 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.43 No.-

This study on Communist policy towards religion in north Korea and china stars with some basic assumptions: First, both were newly-born underdeveloped countries, whose national aim was, among other things, social and political integration. This implies that religion was one of the important subjects which the regime should tackle at the early stage of their governments. Secondly, though these two Communist countries were hostile to religion as prescribed in Marxism-Leninism and, moreover, their political processes under the Communist regimes have been very similar in the past thirty years, their practical policies towards religion differed for various reasons, namely, the political experiences of the Chinese and Korean Communists during the days before their taking power, and the political, social and cultural settings then prevailing in China and Korea. This means that, on the one hand, it they perceived 'the problems of religion' in different perspectives and on the other hand, accordingly, they took different paths in the implementation of religious policies. The Chinese Communist who came to power after a long and protracted struggle over thirty years, seemed to have some understanding of the deep-rooted nature of religion in their people's life; and viewed religion as being gradually disappeared in proportion to material progress in the living standard of the people. They endeavored, therefore, to modify or reinterprete the tenets of several religions, particularly those of Buddhism, so that they could serve the new live under the Communist regime. Of course, religion has become one of the target of persecution in China, especially at the times when her political climate moved in the radical direction. However, what the Chinese Communists have more concerned was direct and indirect foreign influences on Chinese religious organizations for instance, Vatican's connection with Chinese Catholic churches. These all factors were clearly manifested in the recent constitution, promulgated in December 1982. The policy of the north Korean regime was in short to wipe out religion. In Korea, religion, particularly Christianity and a native sect, Ch 'ondogyo, have been intimately associated with Korean nationalist movement, a factor which made these religions politically oriented. Moreover, north Korea has been traditionally the stronghold of these two religions. Kim Ilsung's Communist regime came to power solely by the Soviet Red Army when it teetered north Korea at the end of world War II. Km Ilsung, therefore, felt it necessary to receive support from the followers of Ch'ondogyo and Korean Christians in order to consolidate his legitimacy in the northern half, and, at the same time, these religions must be cleared away in order to carry out his socialist programs. Thus, after a shout period before the Korean War, when religious organizations in north Korea had been employed to support the Communist regime they were systematically diminished and in the end eliminated; and in the early 1960s, the Pyongyang regime declared that religion was disappeared in the northern half of Korea. In the/1970s, religious organizations reappeared in North Korea, but their work has been limited solely to the propaganda warfare against South Korea. Mean while, as indicated in Marxism that it is difficult to eradicate all religious elements in human life, the personality cult of Kim Ilsung, replacing all the religions, has became the sole object of worship in north Korea.

一柱門의 建築形式에 關한 硏究

정대열,이재환,이용대,예명해 대구대학교 과학기술연구소 2001 科學技術硏究 Vol.8 No.2

The purpose of this study is to discover the architectural type of 「Il-joo-moon」 It deals with 「Il-joo-moon」 that has been built before 1910 in Gyoung-sang province. This study analyzes type of member, jointing method, frame structure method by dividing 「Il-joo-moon」 into four parts such as roof, bracket system, frame structure, podium. The results of this analysis are as follows 1) Roof: The 「Pal-ssac」 style of roof and the 「Matt-bae」 style of roof are dominant and double caves mainly appears. 2) Bracket system: The arrangement of bracket system can be divided into one-line-arrangement and two-line-arrangement. As far as 「Chul-mock-soo」 concerned, 3 or 4 「Chul-mock-soo」 is predominent. 「Tong-jae-gong」 has been used to connect front and back bracket system for some 「Il joo-moon」. When it comes 「jae-gong」, 「Sue-soe」 style, 「Yon-bong」 style and 「Yon-hwa」 style are mainly seen. 3) Frame structure: There are 5 forms in classifying frame structure depending on the jointing method of main-column, diagonal member, sub-column etc. and weight transmission method. 4) Podim: Natural foundation stone is majority. It is judged that 「Il-joo-moon」 has no podium or natural ones, however, it has recently been converted into artificially processed podium in many cases.

자궁경부에 발생한 배아성 횡문근육종 2예

박정열,조준식,김대연,이동헌,김종혁,김용만,김영탁,목정은,남주현 대한부인종양 콜포스코피학회 2002 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.13 No.3

횡문근육종은 소아와 청소년기에 가장 흔한 연부조직 육종이다. 발생 부위는 일반적으로 두부 및 경부, 그 다음으로 비뇨생식계이다 조직학적으로 배아성 횡문근육종, 국화상 육종, 폐포성 횡문근육종, 다형성 횡문근육종으로 나누어진다. 횡문근육종의 약 20%가 비뇨생식기에서 발생하고, 50% 이상이 배아성 횡문근육종이다. 여성 생식기의 배아성 횡문근육종은 드문 악성 종양으로,주로 유소아의 질에서 발생하며, 자궁경부에서 발생하는 횡문근육종은 청소년기에 흔하고, 질에서 기원하는 횡문근육종이 자궁경부에 기원하는 경우보다 5배 정도 많다. 폐경기여성에서는 자궁체부에서 가장 흔히 발생한다. 비뇨생식기의 횡문근육종의 치료는 과거에는 골반장기 적출술만으로 치료를 시도하였으나. 서서히 다중 항암화학요법, 방사선요법, 근치적 절제술을 포함한 병합요법으로 바뀌어가고 있으며, 이에 따라 생존율이 현저하게 향상되었다. 이에 저자들은 최근 본원 산부인과에서 자궁경부에 발생한 배아성 횡문근육종 2예를 경험하였기에 문헌 고찰과 아울러 보고하는 바이다. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in childhood and young adult. Genitourinary tract is the econd most common site of rhabdomyosarcoma. Rhabdomyosarcoma can be classified into one of four major types; embryonal, alveolar, pleomorphic and undifferentiated. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the female genital tract is rare malignant tumor and usually occurs during childhood in the vagina. In rare cases, rhabdomyosarcoma can originate in the uterine cervix, with a peak incidence in the second decade. Recently we have experienced two cases of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterine cervix. These cases are presented with a brief review of the literature.