Blanching at Low Temperatures

Cristobal Noe Aguilar,Raul Rodriguez-Herrera,Julio Cesar Monta?ez-Saenz,Maria de la Luz Reyes-Vega,Juan Carlos Contreras-Esquivel 한국식품과학회 2004 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.13 No.1

지역사회의 신용접근성: 오늘날 소규모 신협은 성공할 수 있는가?

( Cristobal Dobrzanski ),( Sewoon Ju ) 한국협동조합학회 2018 韓國協同組合硏究 Vol.36 No.1

최근의 사회 경제적 추세는 세계화와 그에 따른 소득불평등이 심화되는 방향으로 나아갈지, 아니면 사회적 기업과 사회적 금융 등의 사회동원을 통해 보다 균형 잡힌 사회로 나아갈지 중요한 변곡점에 와 있다. 본 연구는 지역사회에 기반한 소규모 신용협동조합이 오늘날에도 존속 성장할 수 있는 지에 대해 논의한다. 엄격한 규제를 받는 오늘날 금융시장에서 소규모 조합들은 경쟁에 취약할 수 밖에 없다. 본 연구는 지역조합, 특히 소규모 조합들이 공동체의 이익을 위해 대단한 역할을 하고 있는지, 아니면 단지 몽상가들의 환상일 뿐인지 질문을 던진다. 한국, 미국, 캐나다 BC주의 신협들에 대한 자료를 보면, 합병과정을 통해 전체 조합 수가 감소했음에도 불구하고 소규모 신협들이 여전히 존재함을 볼 수 있다. 본 연구는 지역신협을 통한 지역사회의 신용접근성 회복을 주장하기 위한 이론적 근거로 후쿠야마(Fukuyama)의 국가발전론을 각색하여 이용한다. 지역의 소규모 신협은 신뢰를 구축하고, 조합원들을 집결시키며, 지역사회의 역량을 크게 증가시킨다는 이론적 관점에서, 본 연구는 캐나다 서부 BC주의 신협과 미국의 지역개발신협(CDCU)을 깊이 분석하며, 아울러 신용접근성을 제고시킨 두 개의 한국신협을 간단히 고찰한다. 본 연구에서 분석된 사례들은 각각의 지역 금융시장에서 소규모 신협의 성공을 가능케 하는 독특한 접근방식과, 성장과 쇠퇴를 가르는 중요한 요소들을 보여 준다. 경제침체나 금융위기 같은 국가경제 상황이 조합원들에게 주는 타격이 소규모 신협에 영향을 미침도 볼 수 있다. 본 연구의 결론은 한국이 어떻게 해야 하는지에 대한 답을 제시하지는 않으며, 다만, 오늘날 한국과 다른 여러 나라에서 일어나고 있는 논쟁에 일조를 하고 있다. 1997년의 아시아경제위기와 2007년의 서구발 금융위기로 인해 금융시스템이 변화됨에 따라, 중앙은행은 저축 중개기능을 분산시키고 지역의 신용 접근성을 높이는 체제를 만들기 보다는 합병을 통한 규모화와 시스템적으로 중요한 은행을 지지하는데 주된 관심을 두고 있다. 본 연구는 소규모 신협이 오늘날 시장에서 갖는 취약점에도 불구하고, 지역사회의 신용접근성을 높이고, 신뢰와 사회적 동원에 기반한 소규모 신협을 가능하게 하는, 특정한 거시적 구조와 미시적 관계를 가리켜 보여준다. The recent social and economic trends suggest that a key inflection point is emerging - whether globalization and its endemic income inequality will prevail, or whether there will be a better balance in society via social mobilization in favour of social enterprise and social finance. We address how community based credit unions, especially ones that are small, are able to thrive today. We acknowledge their vulnerabilities as they strive to remain viable in today’s financial markets facing heavier regulations. Community development credit unions, especially the smaller ones - are they a dramatic actor for collective benefits? Or are they an illusion for dreamers? The study begins with data review of credit unions operating in Korea, in the USA and in Canada in the western province of British Columbia. In each jurisdiction there has been attrition in the number of credit unions , nevertheless small credit unions remain present, to various degrees. The theoretical base to argue for restoring community access to credit via local credit unions, or financial cooperatives, is our adaptation of Fukuyama’s Framework for national development.1) Local and small credit unions build trust, mobilize their members, and add critical capacity to their community. The study drills into the case of BC based credit unions in Canada and into the subset of US credit unions designated as Community Development Credit Unions (CDCU). Also included are brief references to two Korean community credit initiatives, that offer resilient examples to provide access to credit. Each demonstrates unique approaches to enable success of small credit unions in their local markets. Each demonstrates critical factors that enable expansion or reflect atrophy. The study does not shy away from the consequences to small credit unions in particular when the national economy fails their members such as in recessions or in financial crises. The conclusion is not prescriptive for Korea. It does contribute to the debate taking place today in Korea - and in other jurisdictions. As the financial system adjusts from the Asian crisis in 1997 and from the Western crisis in 2007, central bankers’ dominant theme is in favour of consolidation and systemically important banks, rather than decentralizing savings intermediation and creating regimes that sponsor local access to credit. Despite the vulnerabilities that small credit unions have in today’s markets, this study points to specific Macro Frameworks and Micro Friendships that enable community access to credit, that enable small credit unions, that are built on trust and social mobilization.

Differences in Fungal Enzyme Productivity in Submerged and Solid State Cultures

Cristobal Noe Aguilar,Juan Carlos Contreras-Esquivel,Raul Rodriguez,Lilia Arely Prado,Octavio Loera 한국식품과학회 2004 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.13 No.1

A novel low-cost method for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis DNA extraction from an automated broth culture system for real-time PCR analysis

Miguel Salgado,Cristobal Verdugo,Cord Heuer,Pedro Castillo,Patricia Zamorano 대한수의학회 2014 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.15 No.2

PCR is a highly accurate technique for confirming thepresence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis(Map) in broth culture. In this study, a simple, efficient, andlow-cost method of harvesting DNA from Map cultured inliquid medium was developed. The proposed protocol(Universidad Austral de Chile [UACH]) was evaluated bycomparing its performance to that of two traditionaltechniques (a QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit andcethyltrimethylammonium bromide [CTAB] method). Theresults were statistically assessed by agreement analysis forwhich differences in the number of cycles to positive (CP)were compared by Student’s t-test for paired samples andregression analysis. Twelve out of 104 fecal pools culturedwere positive. The final PCR results for 11 samples analyzedwith the QIAamp and UACH methods or ones examinedwith the QIAamp and CTAB methods were in agreement. Complete (100%) agreement was observed between datafrom the CTAB and UACH methods. CP values for theUACH and CTAB techniques were not significantlydifferent, while the UACH method yielded significantlylower CP values compared to the QIAamp kit. The proposedextraction method combines reliability and efficiency withsimplicity and lower cost.

Use of a Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) edible coating to preserve minimally processed mango (Mangifera indica L)

Daniela Sánchez Aldana,Cristobal Noé Aguilar,Juan Carlos Contreras-Esquivel,Marthyna Pessoa Souza,Maria das Graças Carneiro-da-Cunha,Guadalupe Virginia Nevárez-Moorillón 한국원예학회 2021 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.62 No.5

This work aimed to develop an edible coating based on Mexican lime ( Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) pectic extract and essentialoil on Haden mango ( Mangifera indica L.) to extend its shelf life. Mango cubes were coated by immersion in a lime pecticextract (1% pectin w/v), lime essential oil (0.05% v/v), and glycerol (0.7% v/v) solution for 2, 5, and 10 min. Subsequently,coated and uncoated (control) test samples were stored for 21 days, and physical–chemical and microbiological analyseswere performed every 3 days. The results showed no signifi cant diff erences for total soluble solids, pH, and fi rmness. On thesixth day, bacterial growth was signifi cantly lower in coated mangos than in the control (log 6.08 ± 0.49 and 7.63 ± 0.20 UFCg −1 , respectively). The application of the edible coating extended the shelf life of minimally processed mangos by 3 days,delaying physical and chemical changes as well as bacterial growth.

Pectin from Passion Fruit Fiber and Its Modification by Pectinmethylesterase

Juan Carlos Contreras-Esquivel,Cristobal N. Aguilar,Julio C. Montanez,Adriano Brandelli,Judith D. Espinoza-Perez,Catherine M.G.C. Renard 한국식품영양과학회 2010 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.15 No.1

Passion fruit fiber pectin gels represent a new alternative pectin source with potential for food and non-food applications on a commercial scale. Pectic polysaccharides were extracted from passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) fiber using citric acid as a clean catalyst and autoclaved for 20 to 60 min at 121℃. The best condition of pectin yield with the highest molecular weight was obtained with 1.0% of citric acid (250 ㎎/g dry passion fruit fiber pectin) for 20 min of autoclaving. Spectroscopic analyses by Fourier transform infrared, enzymatic degradation reactions, and ion-exchange chromatography assays showed that passion fruit pectin extracted for 20 min was homogeneous high methoxylated pectin (70%). Gel permeation analysis confirmed that the pectin extract obtained by autoclaving by 20 min showed higher molecular weights than those autoclaved for 40 and 60 min. Passion fruit pectin extracted for 20 min was enzymatically modified with fungal pectinmethylesterase to create restructured gels. Short autoclave treatment (20 min) with citric acid as extractant resulted in a significant increase of gel strength, improving pectin extraction in terms of functionality. The treatment of solubilized material (pectic polysaccharides) in the presence of insoluble material (cellulose and hemicellulose) with pectinmethylesterase and calcium led to the creation of a stiffer passion fruit fiber pectin gel, while syneresis was not observed.

Phenolic Compounds of Potato Peel Extracts: Their Antioxidant Activity and Protection against Human Enteric Viruses

( Norma Patricia Silva-beltran ),( Cristobal Chaidez-quiroz ),( Osvaldo Lopez-cuevas ),( Saul Ruiz-cruz ),( Marco A. Lopez-mata ),( Carmen Lizette Del-toro-sanchez ),( Enrique Marquez-rios ),( Jose De 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2017 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.27 No.2

Potato peels (PP) contain several bioactive compounds. These compounds are known to provide human health benefits, including antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In addition, these compounds could have effects on human enteric viruses that have not yet been reported. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phenolic composition, antioxidant properties in the acidified ethanol extract (AEE) and water extract of PP, and the antiviral effects on the inhibition of Av-05 and MS2 bacteriophages, which were used as human enteric viral surrogates. The AEE showed the highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Chlorogenic and caffeic acids were the major phenolic acids. In vitro analysis indicated that PP had a strong antioxidant activity. A 3 h incubation with AEE at a concentration of 5 mg/ml was needed to reduce the PFU/ml (plaque-forming unit per unit volume) of Av-05 and MS2 by 2.8 and 3.9 log10, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. Our data suggest that PP has potential to be a source of natural antioxidants against enteric viruses.

Information Technology and Electronics : Original Article ; Differentiation of Beef and Fish Meals in Animal Feeds Using Chemometric Analytic Models

( Chun Chieh Yang ),( Cristobal Garrido Novell ),( Dolores Perez Marin ),( Jose E Guerrero Ginel ),( Garrido Varo ),( Hyun Jeong Cho ),( Moon S. Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2015 바이오시스템공학 Vol.40 No.2

Purpose: The research presented in this paper applied the chemometric analysis to the near-infrared spectral data fromline-scanned hyperspectral images of beef and fish meals in animal feeds. The chemometric statistical models weredeveloped to distinguish beef meals from fish ones. Methods: The meal samples of 40 fish meals and 15 beef meals wereline-scanned to obtain hyperspectral images. The spectral data were retrieved from each of 3600 pixels in the Region ofInterest (ROI) of every sample image. The wavebands spanning 969 nm to 1551 nm (across 176 spectral bands) wereselected for chemometric analysis. The partial least squares regression (PLSR) and the principal component analysis (PCA)methods of the chemometric analysis were applied to the model development. The purpose of the models was to correctlyclassify as many beef pixels as possible while misclassified fish pixels in an acceptable amount. Results: The results showedthat the success classification rates were 97.9% for beef samples and 99.4% for fish samples by the PLSR model, and 85.1%for beef samples and 88.2% for fish samples by the PCA model. Conclusion: The chemometric analysis-based PLSR and PCAmodels for the hyperspectral image analysis could differentiate beef meals from fish ones in animal feeds.

Differentiation of Beef and Fish Meals in Animal Feeds Using Chemometric Analytic Models

Yang, Chun-Chieh,Garrido-Novell, Cristobal,Perez-Marin, Dolores,Guerrero-Ginel, Jose E.,Garrido-Varo, Ana,Cho, Hyunjeong,Kim, Moon S. Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery 2015 바이오시스템공학 Vol.40 No.2

Purpose: The research presented in this paper applied the chemometric analysis to the near-infrared spectral data from line-scanned hyperspectral images of beef and fish meals in animal feeds. The chemometric statistical models were developed to distinguish beef meals from fish ones. Methods: The meal samples of 40 fish meals and 15 beef meals were line-scanned to obtain hyperspectral images. The spectral data were retrieved from each of 3600 pixels in the Region of Interest (ROI) of every sample image. The wavebands spanning 969 nm to 1551 nm (across 176 spectral bands) were selected for chemometric analysis. The partial least squares regression (PLSR) and the principal component analysis (PCA) methods of the chemometric analysis were applied to the model development. The purpose of the models was to correctly classify as many beef pixels as possible while misclassified fish pixels in an acceptable amount. Results: The results showed that the success classification rates were 97.9% for beef samples and 99.4% for fish samples by the PLSR model, and 85.1% for beef samples and 88.2% for fish samples by the PCA model. Conclusion: The chemometric analysis-based PLSR and PCA models for the hyperspectral image analysis could differentiate beef meals from fish ones in animal feeds.

Pectin from Passion Fruit Fiber and Its Modification by Pectinmethylesterase

Contreras-Esquivel, Juan Carlos,Aguilar, Cristobal N.,Montanez, Julio C.,Brandelli, Adriano,Espinoza-Perez, Judith D.,Renard, Catherine M.G.C. The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2010 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.15 No.1

Passion fruit fiber pectin gels represent a new alternative pectin source with potential for food and non-food applications on a commercial scale. Pectic polysaccharides were extracted from passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) fiber using citric acid as a clean catalyst and autoclaved for 20 to 60 min at $121^{\circ}C$. The best condition of pectin yield with the highest molecular weight was obtained with 1.0% of citric acid (250 mg/g dry passion fruit fiber pectin) for 20 min of autoclaving. Spectroscopic analyses by Fourier transform infrared, enzymatic degradation reactions, and ion-exchange chromatography assays showed that passion fruit pectin extracted for 20 min was homogeneous high methoxylated pectin (70%). Gel permeation analysis confirmed that the pectin extract obtained by autoclaving by 20 min showed higher molecular weights than those autoclaved for 40 and 60 min. Passion fruit pectin extracted for 20 min was enzymatically modified with fungal pectinmethylesterase to create restructured gels. Short autoclave treatment (20 min) with citric acid as extractant resulted in a significant increase of gel strength, improving pectin extraction in terms of functionality. The treatment of solubilized material (pectic polysaccharides) in the presence of insoluble material (cellulose and hemicellulose) with pectinmethylesterase and calcium led to the creation of a stiffer passion fruit fiber pectin gel, while syneresis was not observed.