http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
John Wicks(John Wicks ),Kryss McKenna(Kryss McKenna ),Sharyn McSorley(Sharyn McSorley ),David Craig(David Craig ) 사피엔시아 2018 Exercise Medicine Vol.2 No.-
Objectives: Recording devices relying solely on heart rate (HR) are not considered accurate enough for measurement of energy expenditure of occupational physical activity (OPA) and leisure time physical activity (LTPA), due to factors which modulate the heart rate-oxygen uptake relationship such as smoking and cardiorespiratory fitness. This study used HR index which corrects for the effect of smoking and cardiorespiratory fitness on HR, to estimate the exercise intensity of occupational activity and determine whether smoking and exercise habits influenced work performance. Methods: A total of 176 hospital employees from five occupational categories (sedentary, ambulant-sedentary, light, moderate and heavy) wore an R-R interval recorder during a standard days’ work (mean recording time 6.4±0.9 hours). From HR histogram analysis, resting, mean and peak HRs and mean and peak indices were determined, with oxygen uptake, expressed as metabolic equivalents (METs), being estimated from the HR index equation. Results: Mean index, but not mean HR, showed a progressive increase from sedentary to heavy occupational categories, with the estimated mean MET levels for the entire work period ranging from 2.0 to 3.1 METs for males and 1.9 to 2.7 METs for females. Peak index tended to parallel the increase in mean index. Smoking had the effect of increasing resting HR by 7.5 beats∙min-1 with regular exercise participation lowering resting HR by 11.0 beats∙min-1, these two lifestyle factors limiting the accuracy of mean HR for determining exercise intensity Conclusions: Smoking and exercise habit significantly impact on resting, mean and peak HR during OPA and may influence work performance. The use of HR index as opposed to HR may improve the analysis of OPA and provide a simple method for estimation of both exercise intensity and energy expenditure.
Conor James Craig Gouk,Ryan Mark Shulman,Craig Buchan,Michael John Evan Thomas,Fraser James Taylor 대한정형외과학회 2019 Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery Vol.11 No.2
Background: Massive retracted rotator cuff tears represent a therapeutic dilemma, particularly in the young and middle-aged patients who are not appropriate for a reverse total shoulder replacement. Interposition grafting using human dermal allograft offers an alternative treatment. Methods: A retrospective review of all patients who underwent interposition grafting using human dermal allograft between December 2013 and May 2015 for massive rotator cuff tears at our tertiary referral center was performed. Preoperative and 6 month postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments were performed in all patients, with postoperative graft integrity being the primary outcome measure. Clinical evaluation was performed using the Oxford shoulder score, Constant score, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score. Results: The mean age at the time of follow-up was 54 years. On MRI, 84% of grafts were seen to have failed at 6 months. Strength was grossly reduced on the operative side when supraspinatus and subscapularis were tested; despite this, Constant score (mean, 48.2) was comparable to that in the previous reports. DASH and Oxford scores were a mean of 24.94 and 37.16, respectively. Conclusions: Based on these results, in particular the MRI findings, we cannot advocate the use of dermal allograft as an interposition graft for the repair of massive rotator cuff tears.
A Literature Review of Risk-sharing Agreements
Craig A. Hunter,John Glasspool,Rebecca Singer Cohen,Abdulkadir Keskinaslan 한국보건사회약료경영학회 2010 한국보건사회약료경영학회지 Vol.2 No.1
Objective: To summarize and analyze the available literature around risk-sharing agreements and related concepts. Summary: As both payers and manufactures continue to try and maximize the value of new pharmaceutical technologies, it has become increasingly clear that the previous methods of in-market evidence generation and review have been insufficient, proving to be too costly, time consuming, and removed from real-world aspects of treatment. To counter these limitations, risk-sharing agreements have been proposed as a way to develop evidence for the market (once safety is proven) while still offering incentives to manufactures to continually develop new technology. Manufacturers can use the agreements to first get covered within a market, and then to build trust and good faith in their products with payers by proving their therapeutic value via real-world evidence collection. This literature review summarizes the available literature on the topic of risk-sharing agreements and provides key examples of agreements that were previously signed.
The Disbursement Pattern of Japanese Foreign Aid: A Reappraisal
John P. Tuman,Jonathan R. Strand,Craig F. Emmert 동아시아연구원 2009 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.9 No.2
Three perspectives on the determinants of Japan's official development assistance (ODA) program are often represented as distinct, valid explanations of the aid program. Yet few studies have attempted to simultaneously test the hypotheses generated from all three perspectives in a global study of Japanese aid flows. This study seeks to improve the understanding of the Japanese ODA program by addressing some of the gaps in the existing literature. Providing a comprehensive analysis, the article investigates the effects of different political and economic variables on Japanese aid disbursement in eighty-six countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East from 1979 to 2002. The findings of the study make several contributions to the literature. First, the results provide strong support for the claim that humanitarian concerns, as measured by poverty and human rights conditions in recipient countries, are important determinants of aid allocation. Second, although much of the previous literature has hypothesized that Japan's aid program seeks to promote Japan's economic interests, little empirical support for this view is found in the present study. Likewise, the disbursement pattern of ODA was associated with only a limited number of US security interests; US economic interests are shown to have no effect on ODA.
Prospective Study of Central versus Peripheral Obesity in Total Knee Arthroplasty
John G. Armstrong,Tyler R. Morris,Ronnie Sebro,Craig L. Israelite,Atul F. Kamath 대한슬관절학회 2018 대한슬관절학회지 Vol.30 No.4
Purpose: Body mass index (BMI) is often used to predict surgical difficulty in patients receiving total knee arthroplasty (TKA); however, BMI neglects variation in the central versus peripheral distribution of adipose tissue. We sought to examine whether anthropometric factors, rather than BMI alone, may serve as a more effective indication of surgical difficulty in TKA.Materials and Methods: We prospectively enrolled 67 patients undergoing primary TKA. Correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the associations of tourniquet time, a surrogate of surgical difficulty, with BMI, pre and intraoperative anthropometric measurements, and radiographic knee alignment. Similarly, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) was compared to BMI.Results: Tourniquet time was significantly associated with preoperative inferior knee circumference (p=0.025) and ankle circumference (p=0.003) as well as the intraoperative depth of incision at the quadriceps (p=0.014). BMI was not significantly associated with tourniquet time or any of the radiographic parameters or KOOS scores.Conclusions: Inferior knee circumference, ankle circumference, and depth of incision at the quadriceps (measures of peripheral obesity) are likely better predictors of surgical difficulty than BMI. Further study of alternative surgical indicators should investigate patients that may be deterred from TKA for high BMI, despite relatively low peripheral obesity.