http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
The DM and the Ossi Consumer: Price Indexes during Transition
( Irwin L Collier ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2012 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.27 No.2
Family budget data for East and West Germany over the past decade are analyzed in the light of the convergence of relative price structures and the elimination of quantity constraints in the East during the process of eastern economic reconstruction. Exact cost-of-living indexes for generalized Cobb-Douglas preferences are calculated for the missing (index) link between the end of the old German Democratic Republic and the beginning of German economic unification. Exact deflators are provided for the period 1989 through 1998 for low to high income family budgets.
Chemical processing of water-soluble species and formation of secondary organic aerosol in fogs
Kim, Hwajin,Collier, Sonya,Ge, Xinlei,Xu, Jianzhong,Sun, Yele,Jiang, Wenqing,Wang, Youliang,Herckes, Pierre,Zhang, Qi Elsevier 2019 Atmospheric environment Vol.200 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A field study on fog chemistry and aqueous-phase processing of aerosol particles was conducted in Fresno, California's San Joaquin Valley (SJV) during wintertime. Fog droplets were collected while interstitial submicron aerosol was characterized in real time using a High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-AMS). The fog samples were later analyzed using HR-AMS, ion chromatography (IC), and total organic carbon analyzer (TOC). Compared to interstitial aerosol, dissolved solutes in fog waters were composed of higher fractions of ammonium, nitrate, sulfate, methanesulfonic acid, and oxygenated organic compounds, likely due to aqueous formation of secondary species as well as enhanced gas-to-particle partitioning of water-soluble gases under humid conditions. The low-volatility dissolved organic matter in fog water (F-OA) was moderately oxidized with an average oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio of 0.42. The chemical composition of F-OA appeared to be overall similar to that of oxygenated organic component in interstitial aerosol (OOA) and the HR-AMS mass spectra of F-OA and OOA are highly similar (r<SUP>2</SUP> > 0.95). However, there are also significant chemical differences as F-OA appeared to contain a larger fraction of carboxylic functional groups than OOA, indicating enhanced organic acid formation through aqueous-phase reactions. In addition, F-OA was composed of substantially more nitrogen-containing compounds, with an average N/C ratio ∼4 times that of OOA. Most strikingly was that the F-OA spectra showed substantial enhancements of the C<SUB>x</SUB>H<SUB>y</SUB>N<SUB>2</SUB> <SUP>+</SUP> (x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0) ions, which were likely contributed by imidazole- and/or pyrazine-based compounds formed from the aqueous reactions of aldehydes with amino compounds. The results of this study demonstrated that aqueous reactions in atmospheric droplets can significantly modify aerosol composition and contribute to the formation of oxygenated and nitrogen-containing organic compounds in atmospheric aerosol particles. This finding is important for understanding aerosol's effects on human health, air quality, and climate.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> HR-AMS study of fog processing of PM1 in San Joaquin Valley of CA during winter. </LI> <LI> Fog waters are enriched of secondary inorganic and organic aerosol species. </LI> <LI> Organic residuals in fog waters (FOM) is moderately oxidized (average O/C = 0.42). </LI> <LI> FOM has more abundant carboxylic acid and organic nitrogen compounds than OOA. </LI> <LI> This is evidence for forming imidazole- or pyrazine-based compounds in fog waters. </LI> </UL> </P>
Seasonal prevalence of mosquitoes collected from light traps in the Republic of Korea, 2005
김흥철,정승태,Brett W. COLLIER,Terry A. KLEIN 한국곤충학회 2009 Entomological Research Vol.39 No.1
Adult mosquito surveillance was conducted during 2005 at 22 US military installations and two training sites located in six provinces in the Republic of Korea. Adult mosquitoes were collected in New Jersey light traps from 1 May to 15 October to determine threshold levels to initiate pesticide applications based on trap indices. A total of 27 363 adult mosquitoes (22 368 [81.7%] females and 4995[18.3%] males) comprising 15 species (including five members of the Anopheles sinensis group) belonging to seven genera were collected. The most common species collected were members of the Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann group (50.2%), followed by Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (30.6%), Aedes vexans nipponii (Theobald) (11.8%), and Culex pipiens Coquillett (6.3%) females. Trap indices varied widely for species over their range, due in part to geographical distribution and degree of association with urban or rural communities.
김흥철,정승태,Brett W. COLLIER,이희춘,Terry A. KLEIN 한국곤충학회 2007 Entomological Research Vol.37 No.3
Adult mosquito surveillance was conducted during 2004 at 29 US military installations and training sites located in six provinces in the Republic of Korea. Adult mosquitoes were collected in New Jersey light traps and Magnet traps from 1 May through 15 October to determine threshold levels to initiate pesticideapplications and to identify malaria infection rates at selected army installations and training sites. A total of 89 206 adults (78 454 [87.9%] females and 10 752 [12.1%] males) comprising 20 species (including five members of the Anopheles Hyrcanus Group) and belonging to seven genera were collected. The most common species collected were members of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (49.4%) and Anopheles sinensisWiedemann complex (39.1%), followed by Culex pipiens Coquillett (6.1%) and Aedes vexans nipponii (Theobald) (4.2%). Trap indices varied widely for species over their range, due in part to geographical distribution and degree of association with urban communities.
Harrigan Megan E.,Boremski Pamela A.,Collier Bryan R.,Tegge Allison N.,Gillen Jacob R. 대한외상학회 2023 大韓外傷學會誌 Vol.36 No.3
Purpose: The rates of overtriage and undertriage are critical metrics in trauma care, influenced by the criteria for trauma team activation (TTA) and compliance with these criteria. An analysis of undertriaged patients at a level I trauma center revealed suboptimal compliance with existing criteria. This study was conducted to assess triage patterns after the implementation of compliance-focused process interventions.Methods: Several workflow changes were made to transform a physician-driven, free-text alert system into a nonphysician, hospital dispatcher–guided system. The latter system employs dropdown menus to maximize compliance with existing TTA criteria. The preintervention period included patients who presented to the level I trauma center between May 12, 2020, and December 31, 2020. The postintervention period incorporated patients who presented from May 12, 2021, through December 31, 2021. We evaluated the rates of appropriate triage, overtriage, and undertriage using the Standardized Trauma Assessment Tool and patient characteristics from the trauma registry. All statistical analyses were conducted with an α level of 0.05.Results: The patient characteristics were largely comparable between the preintervention and postintervention groups. The new system was associated with improved overall compliance with the existing TTA criteria (from 70.3% to 79.3%, P=0.023) and a decreased rate of undertriage (from 6.0% to 3.2%, P=0.002) at the expense of increasing overtriage (from 46.6% to 57.4%, P<0.001), ultimately decreasing the appropriate triage rate (from 78.4% to 74.6%, P=0.007).Conclusions: This study assessed an easily implementable workflow change designed to improve compliance with TTA criteria. Improved compliance decreased undertriage rates to below the target threshold of 5%, albeit at the expense of increased overtriage. The observed decrease in appropriate triage despite compliance improvements suggests that the current TTA criteria at this institution are not adequately tailored to optimally balance the minimization of both undertriage and overtriage. This finding underscores the importance of improved compliance in evaluating the efficacy of TTA criteria.