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鄭淵奎 慶北大學校 師範大學 1972 敎育硏究誌 Vol.14 No.-
The articles contained in this paper are either theoretical or applicable to the field of teaching foreign languge based on the transformational linguistics. The end and aim of this theory is, in the final analysis, to "Contribute to the study of human mental process and intellectual capacity. A generative grammar is supposed to be a system of rules that can be repeated to generate an infinite number of structures under its three major aspects"; the syntactic, phonological, and semantic components. Structural linguistics was unsympathetic in general with the structural view of meaning and that the results in this field were little satisfactory. A solution suggested by professor N. Chomsky came as something novel and promising, aiming as it did at rendering semantic theory more fruitful by recasting it into a more precise form than in former times. Accordingly, there are signs that structural linguistics is now passing through a period of reappraisal and teaching methods derived from structuralism have consequently failed to present adequately the system of teaching. There have been, as yet, no new teaching methods built on the tenets of transformational theory, but it is possible at this point to see in what respect some of the methods based on structuralism are inadequate and how these inadequacies might be compensated for. For example, instead of pattern practice, a methodology based on T-grammar would undoubtedly give greater emphasis to the learning of the process of sentence formation. It will involve moving away from static "pattern practice" to more dynamic "process practice". I would expect that teaching and learning a foreign language will gradually come to rely on the new linguistic theory of Transformational Grammar.
Benefits and Harms of COVID-19 Vaccines in Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Review
Chung-Yen Chen,Ta-Chen Su 한국지질동맥경화학회 2023 지질·동맥경화학회지 Vol.12 No.2
Patients with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) who contract coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) tend to have a worse prognosis and more severe cardiovascular side effects. COVID-19 vaccines, which are intended to prevent COVID-19, may also potentially reduce the severity and complications (including cardiovascular sequelae) of COVID-19, especially in patients with a history of CVD. However, there have also been reports of cardiovascular side effects from COVID-19 vaccines of various brands and types. The purpose of this study is to review the benefits and harms of COVID-19 vaccines in relation to CVD. In this thorough review of the most current evidence on the benefits and harms of COVID-19 vaccines, we present information about the characteristics of cardiovascular complications. Most of the evidence focuses on myocarditis or pericarditis, which are most strongly associated with mRNA vaccines and predominantly occur in young males within days of receiving the second dose. Meanwhile, post-vaccination myocardial infarction is more common in older males, and the first dose of adenoviral vector vaccines appears to play a greater role in this complication. This information may guide us in formulating alternative options and implementing targeted surveillance. Gaining more knowledge about the potential benefits and harms of COVID-19 vaccines will improve our ability to make informed decisions and judgments about the balance of these factors.
Fighting Against the Clock: Circadian Disruption and Parkinson’s Disease
Yen-Chung Chen,Simon J G Lewis,Shey-Lin Wu 대한파킨슨병및이상운동질환학회 2024 Journal Of Movement Disorders Vol.17 No.1
Circadian disruption is being increasingly recognized as a critical factor in the development and progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This review aims to provide an in-depth overview of the relationship between circadian disruption and PD by exploring the molecular, cellular, and behavioral aspects of this interaction. This review will include a comprehensive understanding of how the clock gene system and transcription–translation feedback loops function and how they are diminished in PD. The article also discusses the role of clock genes in the regulation of circadian rhythms, as well as the impact of clock gene dysregulation on mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, including the microbiota-gut-brain axis, which have all been proposed as being crucial mechanisms in the pathophysiology of PD. Finally, this review highlights potential therapeutic strategies targeting the clock gene system and circadian rhythm for the treatment of PD.