Luteolin and Chicoric Acid, Two Major Constituents of Dandelion Leaf, Inhibit Nitric Oxide and Lipid Peroxide Formation in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells

Park, Chung-Mu,Park, Ji-Young,Song, Young-Sun The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2010 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.15 No.2

Luteolin and chicoric acid are the most abundant phytochemicals in dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) leaf. In this study, four kinds of extraction methods [hot water, ambient temperature (AT) water, ethanol, and methanol] were applied to analyze the contents of both phytochemicals and verify their anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities. The methanol extract showed the most potent nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory effect. The luteolin and chicoric acid concentrations were 3.42 and $12.86\;{\mu}g/g$ dandelion leaf in the methanol extract. The NO-suppressive effect of luteolin and chicoric acid was identified in a dose-dependent manner with $IC_{50}$ values of $21.2\;{\mu}M$ and $283.6\;{\mu}M$, respectively, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, as an index for free radical injury on cell membrane, was also dose-dependently inhibited by the two compounds. The suppressive effect was further examined using mRNA and protein expression levels, which were attributable to the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). These results suggest that two phytochemicals in dandelion leaf, luteolin and chicoric acid, may play an important role in the amelioration of LPS-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.

Luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside protect against acute liver injury through regulation of inflammatory mediators and antioxidative enzymes in GalN/LPS-induced hepatitic ICR mice

Park, Chung Mu,Song, Young-Sun The Korean Nutrition Society 2019 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.13 No.6

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside were compared in galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatitic ICR mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Male ICR mice (6 weeks old) were divided into 4 groups: normal control, GalN/LPS, luteolin, and luteolin-7-O-glucoside groups. The latter two groups were administered luteolin or luteolin-7-O-glucoside (50 mg/kg BW) daily by gavage for 3 weeks after which hepatitis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of GalN and LPS (1 g/kg BW and $10{\mu}g/kg\;BW$, respectively). RESULTS: GalN/LPS produced acute hepatic injury by a sharp increase in serum AST, ALT, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ levels, increases that were ameliorated in the experimental groups. In addition, markedly increased expressions of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and its transcription factors, nuclear factor $(NF)-{\kappa}B$ and activator protein (AP)-1, were also significantly attenuated in the experimental groups. Compared to luteolin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin more potently ameliorated the levels of inflammatory mediators. Phase II enzymes levels and NF-E2 p45-related factor (Nrf)-2 activation that were decreased by GalN/LPS were increased by luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside administration. In addition, compared to luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside acted as a more potent inducer of changes in phase II enzymes. Liver histopathology results were consistent with the mediator and enzyme results. CONCLUSION: Luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside protect against GalN/LPS-induced hepatotoxicity through the regulation of inflammatory mediators and phase II enzymes.

The Protective Effect of Chlorophyll a Against Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Processes in LPS-stimulated Macrophages

Park, Ji-Young,Park, Chung-Mu,Kim, Jin-Ju,Noh, Kyung-Hee,Cho, Chung-Won,Song, Young-Sun Korean Society of Food Science and Technology 2007 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.16 No.2

This study was designed to investigate the suppressive effect of chlorophyll a on nitric oxide (NO) production and intracellular oxidative stress. In addition, chlorophyll a regulation of nuclear factor (NF) ${\kappa}B$ activation and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression were explored as potential mechanisms of NO suppression in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage cell line. RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were preincubated with various concentrations ($0-10\;{\mu}g/ mL$) of chlorophyll a and stimulated with LPS to induce oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Treatment with chlorophyll a reduced the accumulation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), enhancing glutathione level and the activities of antioxidative enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), and glutathione reductase in LPS-stimulated macrophages compared to LPS-only treated cells. NO production was significantly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05) with an $IC_{50}$ of $12.8\;{\mu}g/mL$. Treatment with chlorophyll a suppressed the levels of iNOS protein and its mRNA expression. The specific DNA binding activities of NFkB on nuclear extracts from chlorophyll a treated cells were significantly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner with an $IC_{50}$ of $10.7\;{\mu}g/mL$. Chlorophyll a ameliorates NO production and iNOS expression through the down-regulation of NFkB activity, which may be mediated by attenuated oxidative stress in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

黃鳥歌 硏究 (Ⅱ)

鄭武龍 동아대학교 국어국문학과 1996 국어국문학 Vol.7 No.-

從業員持株制의 法的 問題点

鄭茂東 全南大學校企業經營硏究所 1975 産業經濟硏究 Vol.2 No.1

The employee stock ownership has been encouraged by many leading corporations in Korea recently. But there remain varieties of problem to be solved in coming into operation of the employee stock ownership, especially in the field of law. So in this paper the solutions of legal problem to prevent corporations in Korea from putting the employee stock purchase plan into a smooth practice are to be proposed as follows. 1. The provisions on the employee stock ownership ought to be prescribed not in “ The Law of Rasing Capital Market,” but in the section of issuance of new shares of the commercial law which is one of the fundamental laws. Because the system is closely connected with the preemptive rights of shares. It is desirable that the provision should contain the terms and procedure of the employee stock purchase plane and the relief measure to the shareholders who have the pre-emptive rights put disapprove the plan. 2. It is required through revising the existing law that is called “employee” in an employee stock purchase plane includes not only the employees of a corporation but also the employees of subsidiary corporation. 3. In order to attain the aim of the employee stock purchase plan perfectly, it is required to be provided in the existing commercial law so that a certain restriction on the transfer of the shares acquired by the plan may be imposed by charter or directors. It may be one of the restrictions on the transfer of employee's shares for a corporation to repurchase the employee's shares in the termination of employment. But a corporation cannot acquire its own shares in our commercial law. Therefore, it is necessary to revise the provision of Article 341 of the existing commercial code that a corporation may legally repurchase the employee's a stocks in the termination of employment. 4. From the view-point of continual stability of employee's interests, it is more effective that a corporation's economical support to employees in the practice of the plan will be done on the ground of a fixed provision of law rather than at the discretion of directors.

위성방송용국산 SHF 수신기를 위한 신호처리 module의 개발

정기호,이무영 영남대학교 공업기술연구소 1984 연구보고 Vol.12 No.1

General performances and system configuration required for the Satellite broadcasting receiver for domestic utilization have been studied and proper systems designed with an emphasis laid on simplisity, low cost and compatibility with existing TV sets and community distribution systems. Based on the design, two signal processor units have been developed, which will become a major part of the receiver along which a downconverter and main-IF unit. The SPUs, which utilize new FM-AM conversion circuits developed by the authors are capable of limitting and converting incomming IF signal of 134.26 MHz and 378.5 MHz into AM signal with a linearity of less than 1~2 percent of deviation throughout the 27 MHz band: with very simple circuitry improve the popularity of the SHF receiver as a consumer item rather than expensive communication equipment.

모래의 다주기 Kㅇ-재하/제하에 대한 실험적 연구

송무효,정진교 東亞大學校 海洋資源硏究所 1992 硏究論文集 Vol.5 No.1

In the estimation of the lateral earth pressure at-rest of an under-ground rigid structure, K. the coefficient of earth pressure at-rest, is determined mainly by the angle of internal friction of the soil and also it is well-known that Ko is influenced considerably by the stress history of the soil. In this study the influence on the stress history of the dry sand is deeply examined and hysteretic Ko-model considering the above two factors is suggested. For this, total 9 types(of one-cyclic and multi-cyclic models under Ko condition have been studied experimentally.) For this study K.-tester which has an oedometer ring on the inner wall of which load cells are attached is newly devised and the horizontal earth pressure is accurately measured. There have been several related studies on the one-cyclic Kotest. By these studies, for virgin loading Kon=f(Φ') and for virgin unloading, Kon(OCR)α are suggested. And for virgin reloading σh'-σv' relationship is expressed linearly and the reloading coefficient defined by the gradiant of the straight line, mr is expressed by the function of OCR and Φ. The results of this study are analyzed by and compared with those of the related studies. As there have been few studies on the multi-cyclic Ko-test, the writer tried to determine the extending relation considering cyclic number on the functional formula obtained in one-cyclic test.

고등균류의 CYTKINE 분비 및 세포증식에 미치는 영향

배만종,최청,박무희,이재성 경산대학교 생명자원개발연구소 1998 생명자원과 산업 Vol.2 No.-

담자균 유래의 신규 생리활성 물질의 탐색의 일환으로 상황버섯과 버들송이의 균사체로부터 세포내단백다당류와 세퐁외단백다당류로 분리 및 정제된 시료를 가지고 세포증식, IL-2 alc IL-4 생성의 경향에 대한 실험을 행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. DNA 합성과 MTT에 의한 세포증식의 결과에서는, 상황버섯과 버들송이 세포배양외액에서 추출·분리된 땅류가 균사체에서 보다 비장세포에 대한 세포활성이 높은 것으로 났다. 2. IL-2 생성 결과에서는 상황과 버들송이 균사체 및 세포외액으로부터 추출된 다당류의 농도가 10∼300㎍/mL의 범위에서 IL-2 생성이 증가되었으며, 균사체 배양외액으로부터 분리된 다당류에서 높으로 것으로 나타났다. 3. IL-4 생성의 결과는 상황버섯과 버들송이로부터 추출된 세포내 및 세포외 단백다당류가 대조군에 비행서 높은 것으로 나타났다. The polysaccharide, intracellurar and extracellular, extracts from the liquid culture of the Phellinius igniarius and the Agrocybe cylindracea were purifide. This study was conducted to investigated which were measured the proliferative response to mitogens of splenocyte and production of IL-2 and IL-4. The results obtained from the experiment as follows : The proliferation of splenocyte was increased mosteffectively when the extracellua polysaccharide extracted from the Phellinius igniarius and the Agrocybe cylindracea were administrated to the mice. And the extractcellular polysaccharide extract from the Phellinius igniarius was proliferation activity increased according to culture time. The IL-2 secreased, a marker increased when 48hrs. culture with the extracellula polysaccharide extracted from the Phellinius igniarius and the Agrocybe culindracea(10∼100㎍/mL). And there was significantly the extracellula polysacchride extracted from the Phellinius then the extracellula polysaccharide extracted from the Agrocybe cylindracea. IL-4 production was significantly increased compared with the control group.

길경이 알레르기 저감화에 미치는 영향

배만종,박무희,최청 경산대학교 생명자원개발연구소 1996 생명자원과 산업 Vol.1 No.-

BALB/C 마우스에 egg-albumim 알레르기 항원을 제조해서 3차에 걸쳐 항원을 접촉시켜 알레르기를 유발하는 과정에 길경으로부터 추출한 열수 추출물(PRAE), 50% 메탄올 추출물(PRME)을 반복해서 투여하여 이들에 대한 항알레르기 작용을 검토하기 위해서 PCA 반응과 혈중 histamine 함량을 측정하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. IgE 생성 억제 효과를 검정하기 위한 PCA값은 50% 메탄올 추출물이 대조군에 비해서 4∼8배로 억제되어 IgE 생성에 있어서 가장 뛰어난 억제효과를 보였으며, 열수추출물과 아세톤추출물도 다소 억제효과가 있었다. 또한 아세톤추출물은 1차 항원에 의한 유발 시에는 변화를 보여주지 않았으나, 2차, 3차 항원 유발에 대해서는 현저하게 IgE 생성이 억제되었다. 2. 혈중 histamine 함량은 대조군이 80.8㎍/㎖∼105.8㎍/㎖인 반면, 메탄올추출물은 35.5㎍/㎖∼45.3㎍/㎖으로 PCA와 동일하게 가장 현저한 억제효과를 보였으며, 아세톤추출물은 PCA 결과와 유사한 양상으로 2차, 3차 항원 유발에서 현저한 억제현상을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 메탄올추출물이 PCA값과 혈중 histamine 생성을 가장 억제하였으며, 그 다음은 아세톤추출물로서 이들에 대해서는 기능성 식품으로서의 개발이 기대되며 활성물질의 화학구조 분석과 사이토카인에 대한 실험도 요구된다고 하겠다. In order to research for compound of immunomodulatic and anti-allergic function. These experiments were conduced to investigated the effects of hot water extract(PRWE) and acetone extracted(PRAE) from platycodi radix on immune response. The effect of these platycodi radix extracts on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis(PAC) and histamine was investigated by using BALB/C mice. The results obtained from this study are as follows. In the experiment of PCA, the results of experimental groups were suppression level as compared with the control group. And the PRME group was showed remarkably decreased than that of control group. The histamine content in blood was that PRME (35.5㎍/㎖∼45.3㎍/㎖) showed remarkably showed a remarkably suppression effect as compared with the control group.

감잎(Diospyros kaki folium)의 Polyphenol 화합물군이 면역기능에 미치는 영향

배만종,성태수,최청,안봉전,박무희 경산대학교 생명자원개발연구소 1999 생명자원과 산업 Vol.3 No.-

한국산 감잎(Diospyros kaki folium)으로부터 polyphenol 화합물을 분리하여, 감잎의 기능성 식품으로서의 근거를 제시하고자, 면역기능의 활성화에 관한 실험을 행한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 감잎의 폴리페놀 화합물이 면역기능에 미치는 영향에 관한 실험에서는 감잎으로부터 분리된 폴리페놀 화합물 Ⅰ, Ⅱ 및 Ⅲ에 비하여 시료를 투여한 군에서 항체생산이 증가되었으며, 특히 폴리페놀 화합물 Ⅱ와 Ⅲ에서 높은 유의성을 나타내었다. Rosette 형성의 결과에서도 감잎의 폴리페놀 화합물 Ⅱ와 Ⅲ을 투여한 군에서 분리된 비장과 복강 상재성 마크로파지에서 rosette 형성능이 높은 것으로 나타났다. Candida에 대한 시료의 탐식능을 관찰한 결과, 대조군에 비하여 fraction Ⅰ은 70%, Ⅱ는 76.8% 및 Ⅲ은 93%의 탐식능의 효과를 나타내었다. 또한, 면역기능을 담당하는 기관인 비장에 관한 세포증식능을 실험한 결과 대조군에 비하여 시료를 투여한 모든 군에서 비장세포가 증가하였으며, 시료의 농도가 증가할수록 세포증식도 증가되는 경향을 나타내었다. This study was conducted to investigate immuno functional activity of the ployphenol fractions isolated from persimmom leaves(Diospyros kaki folum). In the experiment of rosette forming cell, the results showed that all the polyphenol fractions enhanced the cell count compared with the control group. Especially polyphenol fraction Ⅱ and Ⅲ showed highly significant effect. The phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophage on mice was significantly increased by the polyphenol fractions of the persimmon leaves compared with that of the control group. The gagocytic activity of polyphenol fraction Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ oagainst the C. parapsilosis was 26.4%, 72% and 82.3% respectively. The pagocytic activity of the same fractions against the C. albicans was 70%, 76.8% and 93% respectively.