漢代 勞動刑에 對하여

梁玩喆 東亞大學校 1969 東亞論叢 Vol.6 No.-

The penalty of Han Dynasty generally succeeded to the system of Qin(秦) Dynasty until the emperor wen(文帝) reformed the punitive law of his country. After the Emporer Wen changed the punitive law, the physical punishment which took an important situation between punitive systems drew back entirely in the law system, and flogging and labor penalty appeared on the contrary. Although labor penalty appeared, it was nothing but spread the scope of labor penalty, and among labor penalties kun Qian Cheng Dan was not only applied instead of physical punishment, but also applied in place of reducing death sentence. The labor penalty of male prisoners-Kun Qian Cheng Dan( 鉗城旦) Wan Cheng Dan(完城旦), Gui Xin(鬼薪), Si Kon(司寇), Shu Fa Zui(戍罰作), and Li Chen-was different in the term of imprisonment. Kun Qian Cheng Dan was five years, Wan Chen Dan four years, Gui xin three years, Si Kon two years, and Shu Fa Zuo from three months to one year; according to Han Shu(漢書) and Hhu Han Shu(後漢書), howevor, Li Chen (隸臣) only five examples before the days of the Emperor Wu(武帝). So Li Chen, one of labor Penalties, was lighter than Gui Xin and heavier than Si Kon though it is hard to presume. That is to say, I think the penal servitude of Li Chen was over two years or within three years. And by each labor penalty they were forced to do the labor which came under the name of a crime. As stated above, among the whole labor penalty there was the labor of each punishment according to the meanings of penalty in itself. However, the labor given to the accused didn't actually coincide with the meanings of the penalty in itself.

납(Pb)에 의한 흰쥐 간조직의 미세구조와 Metallothionein의 분포 변화

김완종,한상철 순천향대학교 기초과학연구소 1997 순천향자연과학연구 논문집 Vol.3 No.1

This study was conducted to investigated the alterations of ultrastructure and metallothionein(MT) in liver of rats given lead acetate. Rats were injected with 10㎎, 30㎎ or 50㎎ of lead acetate per ㎏ body weight everyday for three days, and the lever tissues were removed at 24 hours after repeated injections. The tissues were prepared for electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry of metallothiomein(MT). On electron microscopy, alterations of ultrastructure in liver of rat injected with lead acetate were characterized by the increase of heterochromatin, the irregularity of nuclear envelope, the swelling of rough endoplasmic reticulum, the increases of lipid droplets and glycogen particles. And also, higher dosaged groups showed large vacuoles in the cytoplasm and damaged connective tissue outside the cell. On immunohistochemistry, the reaction products for MT appeared in both cytoplasm and nucleus. The reactivity was more prominent in liver of rat injected with lead citrate than that of control rat. This findings suggest that lead caused the detrimental changes of liver structure and induced MT synthesis.

급냉응고된 Mg-9Al-xCa 합금의 시효특성에 관한 연구

金完哲,朴祉河 홍익대학교 산업기술연구소 1999 産業技術 Vol.9 No.-

Mg-Al-Si-Ca alloys were fabricated into the ribbons by rapid solidification using a single-roll melt spinner. The time and temperature effect on age-hardening was investigated for the ribbons with varying Ca contents of 1, 3, 6 and 10 wt%. The behavior of precipitates, phase transitions, and mechanical properties were examined by measurements of micro-hardness, XRD analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. For the case of 1 hour's isochronal heat treatment, the temperature of 200℃ gave the most significant age hardening effect and the increase in Ca content caused enhanced hardening. In the aging treatment at 200℃, the hardness decreased with the increase in aging time from 1 up to 81 hour. The microstructural analysis for Ca-added sample showed uniformly distributed compounds of Al_4Ca and Al_2Ca, forming coherent precipitates with matrix. When the alloy contains more Ca than the solubility limit, the excess Ca precipitates as Mg_2Ca and an increased hardness is observed.

기계적 합금화에 의한 급속냉각된 Al 분말의 조직과 기계적성질의 개선

金完哲 홍익대학교 산업기술연구소 1996 産業技術 Vol.6 No.-

Severe working of splats produced a very fine grain size and substructural strengthening. The dispersed particles were spherical and much finer then those obtained by conventional SAP. MA-AI splats extruded bars had the recrystallized grains when isothermally aged for 100 hours at 450℃. At higher temperature, hower, only the Al_2O_3 patricles pinned the grain boundaries. Accordingly grain size become smaller and grain boundary sliding was retarded, providing a superior high temperature hardness as the amount of Al_2O_3 increased.

표고버섯의 저장성 연장에 관한 연구

박철,윤희진,신완철,최석영 울산대학교 2006 생활과학논문집 Vol.7 No.2

저농도의 산소를 함유한 기체조성(G108)과 고농도의 이산화탄소를 함유한 기체조성(G604)을 이용하여 표고버섯의 저장성 연장 효과를 평가하였다. 표고버섯을 실온(22°C)과 냉장저장(4°C)으로 나누어 저장하면서 중량감소율, pH 변화, 색도(L값), PPO 활성, 유리아미노산 함량을 측정하였다. 실온저장 대조군은 7일 경과 후 중량이 6.3%까지 감소하였으나, G108군과 G604군은 각각 3.0%, 3.2% 감소하였다. pH는 실온저장 대조군에서는 저장 3일째 급격히 감소하다가 7일에는 크게 상승하였다. 반면에 G108과 G604군에서는 pH 변화가 3일까지 변화가 없다가 7일에는 감소하였다. L값은 실온저장 3일에 대조군이 46.4인 반면, G108과 G6O4군은 7일에 각각 76.1, 76.6이었다. 냉장저장 시 대조군의 중량은 7일부터 감소하기 시작하여 35일에는 39.0%까지 감소하였으나, G108과 G6O4군에서는 42일까지 각각 3.1%, 3.0% 감소하였다. 대조군의 pH는 저장 21일까지 크게 감소하다가 증가하기 시작하여 저장 35일째에는 크게 상승하였다. 반면에 G108과 G604군에서는 저장 42일까지 pH변화가 거의 일어나지 않았다. 냉장저장 시 대조군의 L값은 14일 경과 후 큰 폭으로 떨어졌지만, G108군과 G6O4군은 42일까지 별로 감소하지 않았다. PPO 활성은 대조군에서는14일부터는 크게 증가하였으나 G108과 G604 모두 저장 42일까지 거의 증가하지 않았다또한 유리 아미노산 함량도 대조군에서는 크게 감소하였으나 기체치환군에서는 그 감소율이 크게 지연되었다. 이상의 결과로 표고버섯의 저장 시 기체치환으로 버섯의 호흡을 억제함으로써 버섯의 저장성을 연장시킬 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 실온저장 시 대조군은 1일부터 각종 품질 변화가 일어나는 반면에, 기체치환저장은 3일까지 변화가 일어나지 않았으며, 냉장저장 시에는 대조군이 3일경부터 품질 변화가 일어나는데, 기체치환저장은 14일까지 품질의 큰 변화가 없음을 알 수 있었다. The prolongation of shelf-life of oak mushroom(Lentius edodes) using low oxygen concentration(G108) and high carbon dioxide concentration(G604) was evaluated. The weight loss, pH change, colour(L value), PPO activities and free amino acid contents were measured during 7 days at 22"C or during 42 days at 4'c storage. During 22"C storage the weight loss rate of control was 6.3% at 7 days, but that of G108 and G6O4 were 3.0% and3.2% at 7 days respectively. The pH of control was decreased at 3 days, but increased thereafter, However The pH of G108 and G6O4 were not changed during 3 days and were decreased thereafter. The colour (L value) of control was 46.4 at 3 days, but that of G108and G604 were 76.1, 76.6 during 7 days respectively. During 4"C storage the weigh loss rate of control was 39.0% at 35 days, but that of G108 and G6O4 were little changed during 42 days. The pH of control was decreased at 21 days, but increased after 35 days. The pH of G108 and G604 were not changed during 42 days. The colour (L value) of control was highly decreased at 14 days, but that of G108 and G6O4 were little changed during 42 days. Also, PPO activities of control were continually increased from 14 days, that of G108 and G6O4 however were little changed during 42 days. The contents of free amino acids of control were decreased continuously, but their decreasing rate was delayed in the groups of modified atmosphere packaging. These results suggested that the shelf-life of oak mushroom was prolonged by inhibiting the respiration of that using the modified atmosphere packaging. During 22'c storage the qualities of control were not changed at 1 days, but that of G108 and G6O4 were not changed during 3 days. Also during 4f storage the qualities of control were not changed at 3 days, but that of G108and G6O4 were not changed during 14 days.

6개 원소로 이루어진 짝이중결합화합물과 R_2AsCI와의 반응

주완철,이용암,유응철 성균관대학교 기초과학연구소 1986 論文集 Vol.37 No.2

From the reactions of orthohydroxy-6-membered conjugated system, benzil-mono-orthohydroxyanil, with Me_2AsCl and chloro [Toluene-(2, 3)-dithiolato(2)] arsenic (Ⅲ), reaction products was isolated. From the IR and NMR-spectroscopic analysis for these reaction products, it is confirmed that reaction products are charge-transfer complexes of As. From these results, we found that the chemical behaviour of trivalent As is not analogous to trivalent P.

공격성 비호지킨 림프종의 예후인자로서의 혈청 LDH

어완규,이지현,김종철 고신대학교 의학부 2004 高神大學校 醫學部 論文集 Vol.19 No.1

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to find prognostic factors influencing overall survival in patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Methods: Eighty eight patients, all diagnosed with aggressive lymphoma and treated with conventional chemotherapy, were registered in the section of hematology/medical oncology. Gospel Hospital. Busan. Korea. We analyzed the response rate and survival time by the pre-treatment several variables including age, serum LDH, performance state, number of extranodal site, stage, B-symptom, bone marrow involvement, international prognostic index (IPI), and serum beta2-microglobulin (B2M) to identify the prognostic variables in the patients. Results: The median age was 53 years. Forty-five (56.9%) patients achieved complete response, and 26 (32.9%) achieved partial response to conventional chemotherapy. Of the variables serum LDH, performance status, extranodal involvement, stage, IPI, and serum B2M were predictive of complete response (P=0.000, 0.005, 0.022, 0.002, 0.000, 0.035, respectively). Estimated overall survival at 5 years was 56.5%. By univariate analysis, 6 variables significantly influenced overall survival: serum LDH, performance status, stage, serum B2M, IPI, and response to chemotherapy (P=0.0005, 0.0022, 0.0022, 0.0161, 0.0131, 0.0000, respectively). By multivariate analysis only serum LDH was the significant variable(P=0.001). Conclusion: Serum LDH appears to be a useful marker for predicting survival in patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with conventional chemotherapy.

친수성 프라이머를 이용한 교정용 브라켓 접착시의 전단결합강도에 관한 연구

박철완,차경석,이진우 대한치과교정학회 2002 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.32 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 산부식된 법랑질에 수분이나 타액이 오염되어도 적절한 접착력을 얻을 수 있다고 소개된 교정용 친수성 프라이머를 이용한 교정용 브라켓 접착시 타액 오염 정도에 따른 전단결합강도와 접착 파절 양상을 기존의 소수성 프라이머와 비교함으로써 임상적 유용성을 평가하는 것이다. 사람의 소구치를 강철 원통에 교정용 레진으로 포매하여 만든 시편에 기존의 소수성인 Transbond XT primer와 친수성인 Transbond MIP primer 각각에 대하여 광중합형 접착 레진으로 브라켓을 접착시, 인공 타액을 이용한 오염정도에 따른 전단결합강도를 만능시험기로 측정하고, 접착 파절 양상을 stereomicroscope로 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 건조 상태에서 Transbond XT primer와 Transbond MIP primer의 전단결합강도는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 2. 타액 오염시 그정도에 상관없이 Transbond MIP primer는 Transbond XT primer에 비해 유의하게 높은 전단결합 강도를 나타냈다(p<0.001). 3. Transbond MIP primer는 한겹의 타액 오염시 건조 상태와 전단결합강도의 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 두 겹의 타액 오염시에는 유의하게 낮은 결합강도를 나타냈다(p<0.01). 4. 접착 파절 형태는 타액 오염의 정도에 따라 평균 접착제 잔류 지수가 낮아지는 경향을 나타냈다. Transbond MIP primer는 타액 오염시에도 반 이상이 브라켓-레진 계면에서의 파절을 보였으나, Transbond XT primer는 타액 오염시 대부분의 경우 레진-법랑질 계면에서의 파절을 나타냈다. 이상의 실험 결과, 교정용 친수성인 Transbond MIP primer는 수분 조절이 어려운 임상 상황에서 적절한 결합강도를 얻을 수 있는 좋은 방법으로 생각된다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of hydrophilic primer, which claim to retain adequate bond strength on moistened enamel resulting from moisture or saliva contamination, by comparing the shear bond strength and adhesive failure patterns of brackets bonded using hydrophilic primer and conventional hydrophobic primer. Brackets were bonded to human premolars embedded in metal cylinders utilizing light cured adhesive, primed with either a hydrophilic primer(Transbond MIP primer) or a conventional hydrophpbic primer(Transbond XT primer). Each sample was exposed to varying degrees of artificial saliva contamination during the priming process. The shear bond strength was measures using a universal testing machine, and the adhesive failure patterns after debonding were visually examined by stereomicroscope and assessed using the adhesive remnant index(ARI). The results were as follows : 1. In dry conditions, no significant differences in shear bond strength between Transbond MIP and Transbond XT primers were found. 2. Trandbond MIP primer exhibited a significantly higher shear bond stregth than Transbond XT primer in saliva-contaminated conditions, regardless of the degree of contamination. 3. When contaminated with one coat of saliva, Transbond MIP primer did not exhibit significant differences in shear bond strength compared to the dry condition. When contaminated with two coats of saliva, Transbond MIP primer exhibited a significantly lower shear bond strength compared to the dry condition. 4. The adhesive remnant index of the adhesive failure pattern had a tendency to decrease, as the degree of saliva contamination increased .Bracket-adhesive interface failure was observed in more than half of the saliva contaminated samples utilizing Transbond MIP primer, whereas the bond failure sites of the Transbond XT primer samples occurred almost exclusively at the adhesive-enamel interface in saliva-contaminated conditions. The results of this study suggest that in cases where moisture control is difficult, Transbond MIP primer is an effective alternative to conventional hydrophobic primers.

g-2Ca-0.3X계 합금의 첨가원소에 따른 용탕산화 거동

金完哲,김문회 홍익대학교 산업기술연구소 2001 産業技術 Vol.11 No.-

This study has examined the ignition characteristics and oxidation resistant of the non-combustible Mg- 2Ca-0.3 weight % X(Al, La, Nd, Y) alloys in an attempt to develop new alloy systems that can subject to melting in the atmosphere and also prevent natural ignition of chips produced in mechanical working. Both the ignition property and oxidation resistant were found to improve significantly in any case where one of the third elements was added to the binary MG-2Ca alloy. The new alloy systems also improved the solidification characteristics, and their ingots were found to be relatively free from impurities and thermal crack whose presence is hard to avoid in the production of pure Mg ingots. The oxidation experiments with molten metals at 700℃ and 750℃ for 1 and 5 hours showed that the addition of Al or Y causes fine and dense oxide layers to develop. The oxide layers appear to suppress the grower of MgO products and thereby enhance the resistance of the alloys to ignition and burning. In alloys with the Y addition, the thickness of oxide layers did not show any significant change with the increase in temperature and time, indicating that the Y is relatively stable compared with that of Mg-2Ca. The ignition temperature of Mg-2Ca alloys, which is 100℃ higher than of pure Mg, increased by 100℃ with the addition of 0.3 weight % Al. There was a substantial increase in the ignition temperature as much as 800℃ in Mg-2Ca alloys containing both Al and Y by 0.3 weight %.

Ca 첨가한 AZ31합금의 열간압연 특성

金完哲 弘益大學校 産業技術硏究所 2004 産業技術 Vol.14 No.-

The effects of homogenization on hot rolling properties of gravity cast AZ31-xCa (x=0~2.0wt.%) alloys were evaluated by examination of surface and microstructures of sheets. The side cracking during hot rolling was decreased by homogenization by the elimination of local inhomogeneity and dissolution of brittle precipitate into matrix. The coarse grains in raw materials were changed to fine grains with the average particle size of 5~10μm by the dynamic recrystallization during repeated hot rolling . A deformation twinning was more favorably formed in the hot-rolled sheets after homogenization. It is considered that the grains grow and the precipitates are solved into the matrix during homogenization heat treatment, which results in increasing the possibility of formation of deformation twinning during hot rolling.