A Corpus-Based Study on Language Features and Literary Themes in the Yellow Wall-Paper and Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Lu, Hui-Chuan,Liu, Kai-Ling,Yeh, Chien-Ting,Chen, Ya-Jie Institute for Corpus Research 2022 Asia pacific journal of corpus research Vol.3 No.1

This study aims to apply corpus-based approach to analyze The Yellow Wall-Paper and Herland written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a women's rights activist in the late nineteenth-century America. Although both works have attracted feminists' attention to the woman question that concerned Gilman, discussion on her language features and their relation to the literary themes of these two works is still in need. In this corpus-based analysis, we argue that the main themes of different literary works can be revealed through linguistic patterns identified by number and gender features of nouns and pronouns in the contrast of two works and a balanced corpus. The linguistic features (number and gender) have been related with two themes, the 'group and individual' and the 'feminine and masculine', and are further interpreted in terms of mothering and feminine consciousness. By adopting linguistic approach, our study provides quantitative and qualitative evidence to verify the established themes and arguments of these literary texts.

Generalized variational-like inequalities with compositely monotone multifunctions

Lu-Chuan Ceng,이규명,Jen-Chih Yao 대한수학회 2008 대한수학회지 Vol.45 No.3

In this paper, we introduce two classes of generalized variational- like inequalities with compositely monotone multifunctions in Banach spaces. Using the KKM-Fan lemma and the Nadler’s result, we prove the existence of solutions for generalized variational-like inequalities with compositely relaxed η-α monotone multifunctions in reflexive Banach spaces. On the other hand we also derive the solvability of generalized variational-like inequalities with compositely relaxed η-α semimonotone multifunctions in arbitrary Banach spaces by virtue of the Kakutani-Fan- Glicksberg fixed-point theorem. The results presented in this paper extend and improve some earlier and recent results in the literature. In this paper, we introduce two classes of generalized variational- like inequalities with compositely monotone multifunctions in Banach spaces. Using the KKM-Fan lemma and the Nadler’s result, we prove the existence of solutions for generalized variational-like inequalities with compositely relaxed η-α monotone multifunctions in reflexive Banach spaces. On the other hand we also derive the solvability of generalized variational-like inequalities with compositely relaxed η-α semimonotone multifunctions in arbitrary Banach spaces by virtue of the Kakutani-Fan- Glicksberg fixed-point theorem. The results presented in this paper extend and improve some earlier and recent results in the literature.

The Acquisition of Spanish Clitic Pronouns as a Third Language: A Corpus-based Study

Lu, Hui-Chuan,Cheng, An Chung,Chu, Yu-Hsin Institute for Corpus Research 2020 Asia pacific journal of corpus research Vol.1 No.2

This corpus-based study investigated third language acquisition by Taiwanese college students in learning Spanish clitic pronouns at beginning and intermediate levels. It examined the acquisition sequences of Spanish clitic pronouns of the Chinese-speaking learners whose second language was English and third language was Spanish. The results indicated that indirect object pronouns (OP) preceded direct OP (case), first person preceded third person OP (person), masculine preceded feminine OP (gender), and animate preceded inanimate OP (animacy). The findings presented similar patterns as those of previous studies on English-speaking learners of Spanish. In further comparisons of the target forms in Chinese, English, and Spanish, the results suggested that L1 Chinese had strong influence on L3 Spanish, which accounts for the challenges that Taiwanese learners of Spanish face as they learn the Spanish clitic pronouns in the beginning stage.

Algorithm for Solving a Generalized Mixed Equilibrium Problem with Perturbation in a Banach Space

Ceng, Lu-Chuan,Kum, Sangho,Yao, Jen-Chih Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2010 Fixed point theory and applications Vol.2010 No.1

<P>Let B be a real Banach space with the dual space B*. Let ϕ:B→R∪{+∞} be a proper functional and let Θ:B×B→R be a bifunction. In this paper, a new concept of η-proximal mapping of ϕ with respect to Θ is introduced. The existence and Lipschitz continuity of the η-proximal mapping of ϕ with respect to Θ are proved. By using properties of the η-proximal mapping of ϕ with respect to Θ, a generalized mixed equilibrium problem with perturbation (for short, GMEPP) is introduced and studied in Banach space B. An existence theorem of solutions of the GMEPP is established and a new iterative algorithm for computing approximate solutions of the GMEPP is suggested. The strong convergence criteria of the iterative sequence generated by the new algorithm are established in a uniformly smooth Banach space B, and the weak convergence criteria of the iterative sequence generated by this new algorithm are also derived in B=H a Hilbert space.</P>

THE EFFECT OF VIRTUAL COMMUNITY CODEPENDENCY ON VIRTUAL COMMUNITY ADDICTION: EXPLORING THE MEDIATION EFFECTS

Long-Chuan Lu,Ching-Tzu Tsai 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

Introduction Virtual communities have changed lifestyles and interpersonal relations, creating an internet community culture. They are a primary medium of emotional contact with others. American psychologist estimated that more than 350 million people have Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD) (Hong et al., 2014; SickFacebook.com, 2010), some kind of virtual community addiction (VCA). An average of 728 million people use Facebook every day, and users spend much time on Facebook (Hong et al., 2014). 80.24% of university students think that Facebook is an important element of social culture (Thompson & Lougheed, 2012). VCA has been explored in psychology in the past. This study adds three psychological dimensions and sense of virtual community when investigating the antecedents of VCA. The results of this study may direct public attention to VCA and help develop guidelines for online marketing and operation of virtual communities. Literature review and hypotheses development Virtual community addiction (VCA) Many people are not aware of addictive in virtual community. While some addictive behaviors are considered mental disorders, an increasing number of studies has found potentially addictive behavior involving computers and the internet (Andreassen et al., 2012), including video game addiction (Fisher, 1994), Internet addiction (Beard, 2005), mobile phone addiction (Choliz, 2010), and online addiction (Griffiths, 2012). The definition of Internet addiction remains controversial. This study defines VCA as a tendency that users forced to use and even can not control not to use for the virtual communities. Virtual community codependency (VCC) Although codependency lacks a clear definition, there are only two perspectives on codependency that are relevant to this study. First, codependency is a learned helplessness, resulting in individuals who cannot create or participate in interpersonal relationships in the future (O’Gorman, 1993). Second, codependency is a pattern of dysfunction in interpersonal relationships. According to the social compensation theory, if people feel insecurity and negative social identity in real life interpersonal networks, they may spend more time using virtual communities as compensation. Therefore, we hypothesize: H1. Virtual community codependency (VCC) positively influences virtual community addiction (VAC). Sense of virtual community (SVC) Blanchard (2007) defined the SVC as members feel membership, a sense of belonging and attachment to the group through electronic communication. Abfalter et al. (2012) defined the SVC as members having a sense of ‘spirit of belonging together’ in a virtual community. Members are interacting more, making them develop close relationships that lead to a stronger bond (Abfalter et al., 2012; Chavis et al., 1986; Obst et al., 2002). Facebook is widely used in the virtual community, regardless of the number and use of the degree has been increasing. Thus, we conclude that high VCC will need individuals to have a desire to derive compensation from the virtual community that cannot be achieved in the real world. If people in this community have similar needs, priorities, and goals, increasing the use of Facebook will lead to an increase in VCA. We propose the following hypothesis: H2. The relationship between the Virtual Community Codependency (VCC) and Virtual Community Addiction (VAC) is mediated by the Sense of Virtual Community (SVC). Behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral approach system (BAS) Gray (1982) proposed the most widely applied pair of systems controlling behavioral activity, the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and the behavioral approach system (BAS). These are intrinsic motivation systems in charge of desire and disgust (Carver & White, 1994). They are used to measure the sensitivity of individuals to punishment avoidance and to reward acquisition. When the sensitivity of an individual toward penalty/reward is higher, their response to a stimulus is greater (Linden et al., 2007). Studies also show that Internet addiction and BIS are related (Yen et al, 2009). Thus, we conclude that high VCC will be stimulated by BIS when there is an accident or a novel experience, and negative emotional reactions will seek to be resolved in the virtual world. Hence, Facebook users will to escape from the real environment to the virtual world, so as to addict on the virtual community. This leads to the following hypothesis: H3. The direct relationship between the Virtual Community Codependency (VCC) and Virtual Community Addiction (VAC) is mediated by the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS). BAS is based on motivations for an individual to pursue and achieve goals. BAS is more active and more sensitive to external reward clues, leading to stimulated sensory seeking behavior (Beauchaine et al., 2001). If the incentive clues appear, individuals who have high BAS are more prone to short positive emotions and approaching behavior individuals with low BAS. Thus, we speculate that high VCC will be stimulated by BAS when there is reward responsiveness or when driven in pursuit of goals in the virtual community. It will also make it more likely to engage in fun seeking in virtual communities. Thus, Facebook users deeply trapped in the virtual environment by BAS stimulation and fail to pull themselves out. Therefore, we hypothesize: H4. The direct relationship between Virtual Community Codependency (VCC) and Virtual Community Addiction (VAC) is mediated by the Behavioral Approach System (BAS). Methodology Survey development and measurement We adapted a number of scales (Abfalter et al., 2012; Andreassen et al., 2012; Carver & White, 1994; Fischer et al., 1991) and compiled a 55 item self-report scale questionnaire. Following the procedure recommended by Churchill (1979), we pre-tested the scale on 30 college students to determine the reliability and validity of the constructs. Based on the feedback, we refined the measures and ensured that all of the questionnaire items were applicable to our research. Finally, 53 valid items were retained in the formal questionnaire. Data collection and sample profile We used a web-based survey to collected data from the Youthwant survey platform in Taiwan. This was a more effective way to search for respondents for this study. The formal questionnaires were free to answer by members of the network platform. The participants were told of the survey’s importance to trigger participant’s interest, and give a 10 bonus points as reward. A total of 224 questionnaires were returned, 3 invalid and 221 effective. Respondents were evenly distributed across various ages between 18 and 50 years. The majority of respondents were female (60.2%) and only about 23.1% were students. Most respondents had completed university education (60.6%). 93.6% had been used Facebook for more than one year, with 63.3% having over four years of membership. 70.6% use Facebook more than once a day and for 82.8%, daily usage is at least a half hour, while 71.0% exceed a half an hour each time they use Facebook. This shows that of all respondents were long-term users. Results The total effects are determined by testing the direct impact of VCC on VCA without the mediator constructs. The results (see Table 1) show a significant relationship between VCC and VCA (β11 = 0.572, p < 0.001), supporting H1 (VCC positively affects VAC). The mediating effect is slight but statistically significant. 0.096 of the indirect effect is the result of the effect of VCC on SVC, which in turn influences VCA. The direct relationship between the VCC and VCA is significant as mediated by the SVC. Thus, H2 was supported. The mediating effect involves testing the direct relationship between the VCC and VCA mediated by the BIS. The results show a significant relationship between VCC and VCA (β13 = 0.488, p<0.001). VCC positively and significantly affects BIS (β12 = 0.493, p < 0.001). The effect of BIS on VCA is also positively significant (β23 = 0.169, p <0.05). This was confirmed by the evaluation of the structural model results. The direct effect is 0.488 (t = 5.661, p < 0.001) and the indirect effect is 0.083 (0.493 ? 0.169= 0.083) which is significant (z = 2.039, p < 0.05) by Sobel test. Thus, the direct relationship between the VCC and VCA is slightly mediated by BIS. H3 was supported. The VAF of the model is 33.70% (0.193 / (0.380 + 0.193) ? 100%). In this situation, a VAF larger than 20% and less than 80% can be characterized as partial mediation (Hair et al., 2014). The ?2 effect size is 0.117, showing that BAS has medium effects on VCA. Thus, H4 was supported. Discussion This study is a step by step quantification of how changes in virtual community codependency (VCC) are related to changes in virtual community addiction (VCA) directly and indirectly through one or more mediators. First, the results show a strong relationship between virtual community codependency (VCC) and virtual community addiction (VCA). Furthermore, we cannot deny that the sense of virtual community (SVC) has a small mediating effect on the direct relationship between virtual community codependency (VCC) and virtual community addiction (VCA). The increased use of Facebook when there is a sense of the ‘spirit of belonging together’ can lead to increased tendency to virtual community addiction (VCA). The results are supported by Fischer et al. (1991) and Hong et al., (2014). Limitations and future research directions There are limitations in this study. First, this study does not have a large sample. Second, with technology advances and use behavior changes, the popularity of virtual communities and dependency is rising. The virtual community addiction scale can only evaluate the current situation. This study investigated the latent variables that determine partial or complete mediation using the AVF of Hair (2014). The judgment of AVF uses rules of thumb and awaits meta-analysis of partial and/or complete mediation in the future. Finally, future research could examine virtual communities in other cultures.

GENERALIZED VARIATIONAL-LIKE INEQUALITIES WITH COMPOSITELY MONOTONE MULTIFUNCTIONS

Ceng, Lu-Chuan,Lee, Gue-Myung,Yao, Jen-Chih Korean Mathematical Society 2008 대한수학회지 Vol.45 No.3

In this paper, we introduce two classes of generalized variational-like inequalities with compositely monotone multifunctions in Banach spaces. Using the KKM-Fan lemma and the Nadler's result, we prove the existence of solutions for generalized variational-like inequalities with compositely relaxed ${\eta}-{\alpha}$ monotone multifunctions in reflexive Banach spaces. On the other hand we also derive the solvability of generalized variational-like inequalities with compositely relaxed ${\eta}-{\alpha}$ semimonotone multi functions in arbitrary Banach spaces by virtue of the Kakutani-Fan-Glicksberg fixed-point theorem. The results presented in this paper extend and improve some earlier and recent results in the literature.

Performance Analysis of Permanent Magnet Brushless Motors for Mobility Scooters

Yu-Chuan Lu,Ming-Yang Cheng,Chun-Hsien Wu,Wei-Chih Chen,Cheng-Hu Chen 전력전자학회 2011 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2011 No.5

Most modern commercial electric scooters are still equipped with the DC brush motor. This type of motor has mechanical structures such as permanent magnet, brush, and commutator. Therefore, it has attractive features, e.g., large start-up torque and easy to control. However, this kind of mechanical commutation often leads to drawbacks such as low power density, low reliability, and poor heat dissipation. In contrast, the Permanent Magnet Brushless Motors (PMBLMs) have advantages such as high efficiency and maintenance free, etc. Hence, the PMBLMs have great potential in becoming the actuators for electric scooters. In this paper, the performance of the PMBLMs with trapezoidal and sinusoidal back-emf waveforms driven by square wave commutation and sinusoidal commutation is investigated. To reduce the cost, low-resolution Hall sensors are used to implement sinusoidal commutation.

Inverse Analysis of Inconel 718 Laser-Assisted Milling to Achieve Machined Surface Roughness

Yixuan Feng,Tsung-Pin Hung,Yu-Ting Lu,Yu-Fu Lin,Fu-Chuan Hsu,Chiu-Feng Lin,Ying-Cheng Lu,Xiaohong Lu,Steven Y. Liang 한국정밀공학회 2018 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.19 No.11

This manuscript proposes an inverse analysis method for the machined surface roughness in laser-assisted milling on Inconel 718. The method solves the forward problem considering the tool profile and the elastic recovery of machined surface and applies the variance-based recursive method to guide the updating mechanism of process parameters to match the measurements. Subsequently, the inverse analysis identifies four process parameters of feed per tooth, tool tip radius, minimum cutting thickness, and tool tip angle, and finds the optimal solution for target performance, the surface roughness. The measurements are collected under the single beam coaxial laser-assisted milling spindle. The proposed modified Kalman filter algorithm introduces the gain coefficient G when updating the process parameters to improve robustness and accuracy. The inverse analysis is conducted on all measurements, and the average error of target performance is 0.460% when the laser is on and 0.394% when the laser is off. The average difference of process parameters is less than 5%, and the selection process is done in 50 loops within a minute. Therefore, the proposed inverse analysis model is robust, adaptive to different initial guesses and measurements, highly accurate, and saves computation time.

Simultaneous treatment with sorafenib and glucose restriction inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo by impairing SIAH1-mediated mitophagy

Zhou Jing,Feng Ji,Wu Yong,Dai Hui-Qi,Zhu Guang-Zhi,Chen Pan-Hong,Wang Li-Ming,Lu Guang,Liao Xi-Wen,Lu Pei-Zhi,Su Wen-Jing,Hooi Shing Chuan,Ye Xin-Pin,Shen Han-Ming,Peng Tao,Lu Guo-Dong 생화학분자생물학회 2022 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.54 No.-

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the first-line treatment for unresectable intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is of high clinical significance to explore the synergistic effect of TACE with antiangiogenic inhibitors and the molecular mechanisms involved. This study determined that glucose, but not other analyzed nutrients, offered significant protection against cell death induced by sorafenib, as indicated by glucose deprivation sensitizing cells to sorafenib-induced cell death. Next, this synergistic effect was found to be specific to sorafenib, not to lenvatinib or the chemotherapeutic drugs cisplatin and doxorubicin. Mechanistically, sorafenib-induced mitophagy, as indicated by PINK1 accumulation, increased the phospho-poly-ubiquitination modification, accelerated mitochondrial membrane protein and mitochondrial DNA degradation, and increased the amount of mitochondrion-localized mKeima-Red engulfed by lysosomes. Among several E3 ubiquitin ligases tested, SIAH1 was found to be essential for inducing mitophagy; that is, SIAH1 silencing markedly repressed mitophagy and sensitized cells to sorafenib-induced death. Notably, the combined treatment of glucose restriction and sorafenib abolished ATP generation and mitophagy, which led to a high cell death rate. Oligomycin and antimycin, inhibitors of electron transport chain complexes, mimicked the synergistic effect of sorafenib with glucose restriction to promote cell death mediated via mitophagy inhibition. Finally, inhibition of the glucose transporter by canagliflozin (a clinically available drug used for type-II diabetes) effectively synergized with sorafenib to induce HCC cell death in vitro and to inhibit xenograft tumor growth in vivo. This study demonstrates that simultaneous treatment with sorafenib and glucose restriction is an effective approach to treat HCC, suggesting a promising combination strategy such as transarterial sorafenib-embolization (TASE) for the treatment of unresectable HCC.

The Physiological Occlusion of the Central Canal May Be a Prerequisite for Syringomyelia Formation

Chuan Jiang,Xinyu Wang,Chunli Lu,Qian Li,Longbing Ma,Wei Li,Shengyu Cui,Kang Li,Xiang Wang,Yuxin Feng,Fengzeng Jian 대한척추신경외과학회 2023 Neurospine Vol.20 No.4

Objective: Syringomyelia is a common central nervous system disease characterized by the dilation of the central canal (CC). Regarding the pathogenesis of syringomyelia, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation obstruction in the subarachnoid space (SAS) of the spinal cord has been widely accepted. However, clinical and animal studies on obstructing the CSF in SAS failed to form syringomyelia, challenging the theory of SAS obstruction. The precise pathogenesis remains unknown. Methods: We utilized an extradural compression rat model to investigate the pathogenesis underlying syringomyelia. Magnetic resonance imaging enabled detection of syringomyelia formation. To assess CSF flow within the SAS, Evans blue was infused into the cisterna magna. Histological analysis allowed morphological examination of the CC. Furthermore, CSF flow through the CC was traced using Ovalbumin Alexa-Flour 647 conjugate (OAF-647). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) enabled visualization of ependymal cilia. Results: The findings showed that the dura mater below the compression segment exhibited lighter coloration relative to the region above the compression, indicative of partial obstruction within the SAS. However, the degree of SAS occlusion did not significantly differ between syringomyelia (SM-Y group) and those without (SM-N group). Intriguingly, hematoxylin and eosin staining and CSF tracing revealed occlusion of the CC accompanied by reduced CSF flow in the SM-Y group compared to SM-N and control groups. SEM images uncovered impairment of ependymal cilia inside the syringomyelia. Conclusion: CC occlusion may represent a physiological prerequisite for syringomyelia formation, while SAS obstruction serves to initiate disease onset. The impairment of ependymal cilia appears to facilitate progression of syringomyelia.