3T Multi Voxel Spectroscopy에서 SENSE와 NEX 변화에 따른 정상인 뇌 대사물질 변화 분석

성열훈,임재동,이재현,조성봉,우동철,최보영,Seong, Yeol-Hun,Rhim, Jae-Dong,Lee, Jae-Hyun,Cho, Sung-Bong,Woo, Dong-Chul,Choe, Bo-Young 한국의학물리학회 2008 의학물리 Vol.19 No.4

자기공명분광법(magnetic resonance spectroscopy: MRS)은 인체내 대사물질을 정량분석하여 병변의 조기진단 및 정밀진단에 도움을 주고 있으며, 최근 임상에 이용되고 있는 자기공명분광법은 single voxel spectroscopy (SVS) 기법과 multi voxel spectroscopy (MVS) 기법이 있다. 본 연구에서는 SENSE와 NEX를 변화시킨 multi voxel spectroscopy (MVS)의 데이터와 기존 single voxel spectroscopy (SVS)의 데이터를 비교 분석하여, 각각의 데이터의 유의성 차이를 평가하고자 하였다. 정상 성인 지원자 13명(남자: 5명, 여자: 8명, 평균 41세, 표준편차 11.65세)을 대상으로 chemical shift image (CSI)를 이용한 MVS검사를 시행하였다. 장비는 3.0T Achieva Release Version 2.1 (Philips Medical System, Netherland)을 이용하였고, 8 channel head coil을 사용하여 brain thalamus 부위에서 CSI spectrum을 1 slice 획득하였다. Scan parameter로는 FOV (field of view): $230{\times}184mm^2$, TR (time to repetition): 2000 msec, TE (time to echo): 288 msec, matrix: $15{\times}12$, VOI(view of interest): $110{\times}110mm^2$, voxel size: $15{\times}15{\times}15mm^3$로 하였다. SENSE factor (S)와 NEX (N)는 S1*N1, S2*N1, S2*N2, S3*N2로 변화하여 스펙트럼을 획득하였고, 각 scan time은 5분 54초, 3분 32초, 6분 20초, 4분 20초였다. 얻은 모든 MRS 데이터는 jMRUI 3.0 Version 프로그램에서 분석하였고, SENSE factor와 NEX를 변화시켜 얻은 MVS data 그룹들이 정상 성인 뇌 대사물질의 변화에 영향을 주는지 검증하기 위해 그룹 간에 ANOVA분석을 실행하여 P 값이 0.05보다 크게 나오면 그룹들 사이에 유의한 차이가 없다고 분석하였다. NAA/Cr과 Cho/Cr의 상대적 비율은 MV와 SVS사이에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 즉, SENSE factor와 NEX를 변화시켜 얻은 MVS data에서 정상 성인 뇌조직의 대사물질의 변화를 관찰한 결과, S1*N1의 NAA/Cr은 $1.45{\pm}0.03$, Cho/Cr은 $0.88{\pm}0.03$이고, S2*N1의 NAA/Cr은 $1.44{\pm}0.03$, Cho/Cr은 $0.87{\pm}0.05$, S2*N2의 NAA/Cr은 $1.43{\pm}0.02$, Cho/Cr은 $0.87{\pm}0.04$이며, S3*N2의 NAA/Cr은 $1.45{\pm}0.03$, Cho/Cr은 $0.87{\pm}0.03$으로 나타났다(F-value : 1.37, D.F : 3, P-value : 0.262). 그러나 데이터의 질을 측정하기 위한 MVS 데이터의 NAA Peak line-width는 SVS 데이터의 NAA Peak line-width 보다 약 3배 정도 넓었다. 본 연구에서는 MVS에서 SENSE factor와 NEX 값을 다양하게 변화시킨 MVS의 데이터와 SVS의 데이터가 큰 차이가 없음을 확인하였다. 즉, 어는 특정 부위의 뇌 조직의 대사물질은 MVS와 SVS 기법 모두 큰 차이가 없음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러므로 MVS는 SVS보다 광범한 부위를 짧은 시간 안에 검사할 수 있으므로 매우 유용한 방법이라고 사료된다. To evaluate the metabolic changes in normal adult brains due to alterations SENSE and NEX (number of excitation) by multi voxel MR Spectroscopy at 3.0 Tesla. The study group was composed of normal volunteers (5 men and 8 women) with a mean ($\pm$ standard deviation) age of 41 (${\pm}11.65$). Their ages ranged from 28 to 61 years. MR Spectroscopy was performed with a 3.0T Achieva Release Version 2.0 (Philips Medical System-Netherlands). The 8 channel head coil was employed for MRS acquisition. The 13 volunteers underwent multi voxel spectroscopy (MVS) and single voxel spectroscopy (SVS) on the thalamus area with normally gray matter. Spectral parameters were as follows: 15 mm of thickness; 230 mm of FOV (field of view); 2000 msecs of repetition time (TR); 288 msecs of echo time (TE); $110{\times}110$ mm of VOI (view of interest); $15{\times}15{\times}15$ mm of voxel size. Multi voxel spectral parameters were made using specially in alteration of SENSE factor (1~3) and 1~2 of NEX. All MRS data were processed by the jMRUI 3.0 Version. There was no significant difference in NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratio between MVS and SVS likewise the previous results by Ross and coworkers in 1994. In addition, despite the alterations of SENSE factor and NEX in MVS, the metabolite ratios were not changed (F-value : 1.37, D.F : 3, P-value : 0.262). However, line-width of NAA peak in MVS was 3 times bigger than that in SVS. In the present study, we demonstrated that the alterations of SENSE factor and NEX were not critically affective to the result of metabolic ratios in the normal brain tissue.

The Effectiveness of Celebrity Endorsers’Match‐up Level and Nationality in Magazine Advertisements for Low‐Involvement Products in Korea

Cho Jae?Hyun 동서언론학회 2008 동서언론 Vol.11 No.-

The purpose of this research is to examine the effectiveness of ad. endorser match?up with the endorsed product and celebrity nationality in terms of attitude toward ad, attitude toward brand and purchase intention.The celebrity endorsers are cultural symbols that represent contemporary cultural trends and can converse with consumers, but only when the celebrities are culturally meaningful. In that sense, this study suggests that celebrity endorsers should be cautiously selected to enhance the match?up level between the characteristics of the product and the image conveyed by the celebrity endorser, by understanding the very cultures where international advertisers want to penetrate.

Novel Trials to Control Harmful Algal Blooms in Seawater

Hyun?Jae Shin,Hoon Cho,Un?Sun Jin,Yun?Kyung Park,Si Wouk Kim 한국생물공학회 2010 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2010 No.10

Unrecorded Species of Cordyceps used Oriental Medcine Resources

Cho,Duck-Hyun,Lee,Jong-Il 한국자원식물학회 2004 Plant Resources Vol.7 No.2

Many higher fungi were collected at Mt.Sunun, Mt.Kangchon and Mt.Moak from June, 1991 to April, 2003. They were identified and surveyed with references. According to the result, Cordyceps clavata, C. cocciniocapite, C. ryougamimontanna, C. tuberculate J. moelleri and C. yakushimensis are unrecorded species to Korea. They were designed Korean common names by authors. Common names: Cordyceps clavata, C. cocciniocapite, C. ryougamimontanna, C. tuberculate f moelleri, C. yakushimensis, unrecorded species, common names.

Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Anti-cancer Higher Fungi in Korea

Cho,Duck-Hyun 한국자원식물학회 1998 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.11 No.4

Many higher fungi were collected at Korea from 1976 to 1998. They were identified and surveyed on resources with many reference books. According to the results, fungal fungi were 40 families, 90 general and 215 species. Among them , anti-cancer resources used in Korea were Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus linteus, Agaricus brazei and Cordyceps militaris. Three species exception Agaricus brazei were distributed in Korea. All these are cultivated in Korea.

A Study on the obesity of middle-aged women

Cho, Hyun,Jin, Eun-Hee 仁濟大學校 2005 仁濟論叢 Vol.20 No.1

The goal of this study is to help promote the health of middle-aged women whose health is often not taken care of , by controlling weight to prevent obesity and various adult-related diseases. This research covered basic data related to obesity as well as exercise and food ingestion patterns of middle-aged women in the Gimhae and Jinju area. Research was conducted through a survey of 400 parents with children in elementary school on basic information as well as exercise and dietary habits. The survey composed of 11 exercise-related questions with a reliability factor of chronbach's a=.880, and 19 dietary habit related questions with a reliability factor of chronbach's a= .825. The data was analyzed using SAS 8.1, through frequency analysis, X^(2), and ANOVA. Math results of this study were as follows ; 1. Among general characteristics, subjects exhibited high instances of the followings: 70% of them are age 30-49, 75% have two chidren, 59.4% have 12years of education, 36.9% have a monthly income of 2,000-2,990thousand won, 57.3% are unemployed, and 51.9% are Buddhists. 2. On characteristics related to obesity, 64.6% are BMI 18.5 - 23, within normal range, 48.1% are trying to control weight, and 81.5% are exercising to control weight. 62.0% sited childbirth as the cause of weight increase. Average height of test subjects was 160.06cm, average weight 56.26kg, and BMI 21.96. The average pre-marital weight was 49.61kg and BMI 19.34. 3. On dietary habit related questions (max 5 points), the mean score was 4.00 among underweight subjects and 3.58 among overweight subjects, suggesting better dietary habits for the underweight group. Dietary habits and BMI have a significant statistical difference. 4. On exercise related questions (maximum 5 points), the mean score was 3.38 among overweight subjects and 2.66 for underweight subjects, suggesting that the overweight subjects exercised more. Exercise and BMI have a significant statistical difference.

FCT 5 : Fractional laser-assisted topical imiquimod 5% cream treatment for recalcitrant common warts in children

( Hyun Chang Ko ),( Jeong Min Kim ),( Hyun Ho Cho1 ),( Won Jeong Kim ),( Je Ho Mun ),( Margaret Song ),( Hoon Soo Kim ),( Byung Soo Kim ),( Moon Bum Kim ) 대한피부과학회 2013 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.65 No.2

Background: Conventional destructive modalities for warts like cryotherapy or laser ablation have some limitations that are excruciating pain during procedure, in especially pediatric patients. Imiquimod is a topical immune response modifier that was approved for treating genital and perianal warts. But, thick stratum corneum of common warts may act as a barrier against drug permeation via the skin. Objectives: To evaluate efficacy and safety of above treatment. Methods: Eleven pediatric patients (6 female and 5 male, mean age 12.5 years) were included in this study. The lesions were treated by fractional 2940 nm Er:YAG laser for achieving the penetration of stratum corneum with 1 or 2 weeks intervals. Then, imiquimod 5% cream was self-applied once daily for 5 days a week. Assessment of response and adverse effects was performed every 2 weeks until complete clearance or up to maximum of 48 weeks. Pain during procedure was checked by VAS (0-10). Results: 8 out of 11 (72.7%) patients experienced complete clearance of all warts lesions. Mean duration of total treatment was 29.7 (16-48) weeks. Mean number of fractional laser treatment was 17.5 (8-37) times. No significant adverse effect was observed. VAS score of the pain during fractional laser treatment was 2.4 (1-4), comparing with 6.2 (5-8) during cryotherapy. Conclusion: Fractional ErYAG laser-assisted topical 5% imiquimod cream is an effective and safe treatment option for recalcitrant common warts of the children do not tolerate pain well.

Notes on the Korean Higher Fungi(XVII)

Cho,Duck-Hyun 한국자원식물학회 2002 Plant Resources Vol.5 No.1

Many higher fungi were collected at Mt.Manrae, Mt.Kirin, Mt.Nam, Mt.Unjang, Mt.Yonsuk, Mt.Minjuji from May, 2000 to June, 2001 and they were identified. As the result, Marasmius buxi, M. epiphylloides, M. hudsoni, Mycena erubescens, Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus, Panellus ringens, Lactarius aquiflus, Leccinum quericinum were newly discovered in Korea. They were designed Korean common names by author.

Notes on the Korean Higher Fungi(XVIII)

Cho,Duck-Hyun 한국자원식물학회 2003 Plant Resources Vol.6 No.2

Many higher fungi were collected at Mt.Jiri, Mt.Pukhan, Mt.Moak from June 2002 to October 2002.They were identified. According to the result Clitocybe phyllophila, Omphalina wyniae, Mycena diosma, Cortinarius haasii and Cortinarius allutus were newly to Korea. They were designed Korean common names by author.

Notes on the Korean Ascomycetes (IX)

Cho,Duck-Hyun,Lee,Jong-Il 한국자원식물학회 2002 Plant Resources Vol.5 No.2

Many ascomycetes were collected at Mt. Minjuji, Mt. Manduck, Mt. Odae, Mt. Yonsuk and Mt. Sunun from August 1999 to September 2000. They were identified. According to the reusulting, Helvella villosa (Hedw.: O. Kuntze) Dissing and Nannfedt, Dasychyphus corticalis (Pers.:Fr.) Mass., Lachnellula fuscosanguinea(Rhem) Dennis, Lachnellula subtilissima (Cke.) Dennis and Scutellina erinaceus (Schw.) Kunrze are newly to Korea. They were designed Korean common names by authors.