Antagonism of tomato spotted wilt virus against tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Nicotiana benthamiana detected by transcriptome analysis

Qiao Ning,Liu Yongguang,Liu Jie,Zhang Dezhen,Chi Wenjuan,Li Jintang,Zhu Xiaoping,Liu Hongmei,Li Fajun 한국유전학회 2023 Genes & Genomics Vol.45 No.1

Background Tomato spot wilt virus (TSWV) and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) are highly harmful viruses in agricultural production, which can cause serious economic losses to crops and even devastating consequences for vegetable yield in some countries and regions. Although the two viruses belong to different families and have different transmission vectors, they share most hosts. Objective This study aimed to examine the transcriptomic expression of single and mixed inoculations of TSWV and TYLCV, leading to antagonism using high-throughput RNA sequencing. Methods We confirmed the single and mixed infections of these viruses in Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) by artificial inoculation. And the expression changes of related genes and their biological functions and pathways during the mixed infection of TSWV and TYLCV were analyzed by comparative transcriptome. Results Basically, similar symptoms were observed in the plants singly infected with TSWV and co-infected with TYLCV; the symptoms of TYLCV in the co-infected plants were not obvious compared with single TYLCV infections. When inoculated with TYLCV, the accumulation of the virus significantly reduced in single and mixed infections with TSWV; the TSWV accumulated slightly less in co-infection with TYLCV, whereas this reduction was much smaller than that of TYLCV. The results suggested that TSWV had an antagonistic effect on the accumulation of TYLCV in N. benthamiana. It mainly focused on the changes in unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) caused by the co-infection of TSWV and TYLCV. The eight pathways enriched by upregulated DEGs mainly included amino acid biosynthesis, citrate cycle (or tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA cycle), and so on. However, only pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and peptidoglycan biosynthesis could be downregulated in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway in which peptidoglycan biosynthesis was involved in upregulated and downregulated pathways. Conclusions The antagonistic effect of TSWV on TYLCV in N.benthamiana and the change trends and specific pathways of DEGs in this process were found. Our study provided new insights into the host regulation and competition between viruses in response to TSWV and TYLCV mixed infection.

Fracture analysis of a welded front axle tube structure from a mini-truck

Weimin Guo,Ning Ding,Na Xu,Long Liu,Nan Li,Junbo Shi,Chi-Man Lawrence Wu 대한기계학회 2020 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.34 No.1

The failure (fracture) mechanism of a welded front axle tube structure made of C45E4 steel from a mini truck was analyzed. The fracture occurred on the right side of the right support frame with the fracture surface perpendicular to the tube axis. SEM examination showed that the fracture surface could be divided into three areas: intergranular area, cleavage area and dimple area. Crack initiation site of the failed front axle tube was at the front weld joint fixing the right support frame on the axle tube. The crack propagated in two opposite directions along the circumference of the tube and converged at the dimple area. Intergranular fracture was found to be in heat affected zone (HAZ). With higher magnification, fine dimples, intergranular and trans-granular fracture characteristics were observed in the crack initiation site. By metallurgical examination, Widmanstätten ferrites, which could decrease the toughness and strength of the weld joint, were observed in the columnar grains. The hardness of HAZ coarse grain area (623 VHN) was far higher than HAZ fine grain area (310 VHN) and base metal (225 VHN). As the weld process indicates, neither pre-weld nor post-weld treatment was carried out. A non-uniform temperature distribution around the weld joint could generate large thermal residual tensile stress in HAZ; thus, the material was very unstable. It could fracture for very small or even no external stress. Hydrogen atoms would be released during welding and microstructures with the highest hardness are the most susceptible of hydrogen assisted cracking. It is concluded that the fracture was caused by hydrogen assisted brittleness under the induction of weld residual stress. Post-weld aging treatment (PWAT) is recommended to release the residual stress generated during welding process. In this case, PWAT was carried out on the failed weld joint and Vickers hardness of HAZ coarse grain area, HAZ fine grain area and base metal decreased to 232 VHN, 205 VHN and 125 VHN, respectively. That indicates that the PWAT procedure could effectively soften the material and relieve residual stress.

EFFECTS OF Saccharina japonica POLYSACCHARIDE TO THE DIABETES MELLITUS MOUSE

Xiaodan Li,Chi Ning,Li Shuai,Yunliang Guo,Delin Duan 한국수산과학회 양식분과 2015 한국수산과학회 양식분과 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.5

Experimental Investigation on Flexural Crack Control for High-Strength Reinforced-Concrete Beam Members

Chien-Kuo Chiu,Kai-Ning Chi,Bo-Ting Ho 한국콘크리트학회 2018 International Journal of Concrete Structures and M Vol.12 No.4

The purpose of this study is to investigate the flexural crack development of high-strength reinforced concrete (HSRC) beams and suggest the design equations of the flexural crack control for HSRC beams. This study conducts two full-size simply-supported beam specimens and seven full-size cantilever beam specimens, and collects the experimental data of twenty full-size simply-supported beams from the past researches. In addition to high-strength reinforced steel bars of specified yielding stresses of 685 and 785 MPa, these specimens are all designed with the high-strength concrete of a specified compressive stress of 70 or 100 MPa. The experimental data is used to verify the application of the flexural crack control equations recommended in ACI 318-14, as reported by AIJ 2010, as reported by JSCE 2007 and as reported by CEB-fib Model Code 2010 on HSRC beam members; then, this study concludes the design equations for the flexural crack control based on ACI 318-14. Additionally, according to the experimental data, to ensure the reparability of an HSRC beam member in a medium-magnitude earthquake, the allowable tensile stress of the main bars can be set at the specified yielding stress of 685 MPa.

Types of Control in Acupuncture Clinical Trials Might Affect the Conclusion of the Trials: A Review of Acupuncture on Pain Management

Haiyong Chen,Zhipeng Ning,Wing Lok Lam,Wai-Yee Lam,Ying Ke Zhao,Jerry Wing Fai Yeung,Bacon Fung-Leung Ng,Eric Tat-Chi Ziea,Lixing Lao 사단법인약침학회 2016 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.9 No.5

Analgesic effects of acupuncture have been extensively studied in various clinical trials. However, the conclusion remains controversial, even among large scale randomized controlled trials. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the conclusion of the trials and the types of control used in those trials via systematic review. Published randomized controlled trials of acupuncture for pain were retrieved from electronic databases (Medline, AMED, Cochrane libraries, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Clinicaltrials.gov, and CAB Abstracts) using a prespecified search strategy. One hundred and thirty-nine studies leading to 166 pairs of acupuncture-control treatment effect comparisons (26 studies comprised of 53 intervention-control pairs) were analyzed based on the proportion of positive conclusions in different control designs. We found that treatment effects of acupuncture compared with nontreatment controls had the highest tendency to yield a positive conclusion (84.3%), compared with nonneedle-insertion controls (53.3%). Whereas with needle-insertion controls, the lowest tendency of positive conclusions was observed (37.8%). Consistently, in studies reporting successful blinding, a higher tendency of positive findings on the treatment effect of acupuncture was found in the noninsertion sham controls compared with that in the insertion sham controls. We conclude that the type of control is likely to affect the conclusion in acupuncture analgesic trials. Appropriate control should be chosen according to the aims of studies. Analgesic effects of acupuncture have been extensively studied in various clinical trials. However, the conclusion remains controversial, even among large scale randomized controlled trials. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the conclusion of the trials and the types of control used in those trials via systematic review. Published randomized controlled trials of acupuncture for pain were retrieved from electronic databases (Medline, AMED, Cochrane libraries, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Clinicaltrials.gov, and CAB Abstracts) using a prespecified search strategy. One hundred and thirty-nine studies leading to 166 pairs of acupuncture-control treatment effect comparisons (26 studies comprised of 53 intervention-control pairs) were analyzed based on the proportion of positive conclusions in different control designs. We found that treatment effects of acupuncture compared with nontreatment controls had the highest tendency to yield a positive conclusion (84.3%), compared with nonneedle-insertion controls (53.3%). Whereas with needle-insertion controls, the lowest tendency of positive conclusions was observed (37.8%). Consistently, in studies reporting successful blinding, a higher tendency of positive findings on the treatment effect of acupuncture was found in the noninsertion sham controls compared with that in the insertion sham controls. We conclude that the type of control is likely to affect the conclusion in acupuncture analgesic trials. Appropriate control should be chosen according to the aims of studies.

Experimental Quantification on the Residual Seismic Capacity of Damaged RC Column Members

Chien-Kuo Chiu,Hsin-Fang Sung,Kai-Ning Chi,Fu-Pei Hsiao 한국콘크리트학회 2019 International Journal of Concrete Structures and M Vol.13 No.3

To quantify the post-earthquake residual seismic capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) column members, experimental data for 6 column specimens with flexural, flexural–shear and shear failure modes are used to derive residual seismic capacity of damaged RC column members for specified damage states in this work. Besides of the experiment data, some related researches are also investigated to suggest the reduction factors of strength, stiffness and energy dissipation capacity for damaged RC column members, respectively. According to the damage states of RC columns, their corresponding seismic reduction factors are suggested herein. Taking an RC column with the flexural–shear failure for an example, its reductions factors of strength, stiffness and energy dissipation capacity are 0.5, 0.6 and 0.1, respectively. This work also proposes the seismic performance assessment method for the residual seismic performance of earthquake-damaged RC buildings. In the case study, this work selects one actual earthquake-damaged school building to demonstrate the post-earthquake assessment of seismic performance for a damaged RC building.

Experimental Quantification on the Residual Seismic Capacity of Damaged RC Column Members

Chien-Kuo Chiu,Hsin-Fang Sung,Kai-Ning Chi,Fu-Pei Hsiao 한국콘크리트학회 2019 International Journal of Concrete Structures and M Vol.13 No.7

To quantify the post-earthquake residual seismic capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) column members, experimental data for 6 column specimens with flexural, flexural–shear and shear failure modes are used to derive residual seismic capacity of damaged RC column members for specified damage states in this work. Besides of the experiment data, some related researches are also investigated to suggest the reduction factors of strength, stiffness and energy dissipation capacity for damaged RC column members, respectively. According to the damage states of RC columns, their corresponding seismic reduction factors are suggested herein. Taking an RC column with the flexural–shear failure for an example, its reductions factors of strength, stiffness and energy dissipation capacity are 0.5, 0.6 and 0.1, respectively. This work also proposes the seismic performance assessment method for the residual seismic performance of earthquake-damaged RC buildings. In the case study, this work selects one actual earthquake-damaged school building to demonstrate the post-earthquake assessment of seismic performance for a damaged RC building.

Studies on Antimutagenicity and Anticarcinogenicity of Green Tea Antioxidant

Cheng Shu-Jun,Gao Yan-Ning,Ho Chi-Tang,Wang Zhi-Yuan 한국식품과학회 1989 식품과학과 산업 Vol.22 No.3

The Relative Centrifugation Force Permits Visualization of the Germinal Vesicle in Pig Oocytes

Hsieh, Chang-Hsing,Lee, Stone,Jaw, Si-Ning,Tseng, Jung-Kai,Tang, Pin-Chi,Chang, Lan-Hwa,Ju, Jyh-Cherng Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.9

Pig oocytes contain high levels of lipids in the ooplasm, which reduces the visibility of the germinal vesicle (GV) under microscopic examination. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of relative centrifugation force (RCF) on the visibility and maturation rates of the GV stage oocytes after centrifugation. In Experiment 1, cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) were collected from slaughterhouse ovaries and randomly allocated to different RCFs (3,000 rpm: 970 g; 6,000 rpm: 3,900 g; or 10,000 rpm: 10,840 g) for 10 or 20 min. Percentages of visible GV were 76-79% in the oocytes centrifuged with 10,000 rpm, which were significantly higher (p<0.01) than those with 3,000 and 6,000 rpm. No significant differences in GV visibility were observed among oocytes with different lengths of centrifugation (p<0.05) regardless of the RCFs. In esperiment 2, the maturation rate of the oocyte was found significantly lower in the 20 min than in the 10 min group received 10,840 g of RCF (30 vs. 75%, p<0.05). In conclusion, the GV of porcine oocytes can be clearly visible by centrifugation at 10,840 g for 10 min without compromising their subsequent maturation rates and a longer centrifugation time (20 min) had no beneficial influence on the visibility of GV stage pig oocytes.

Using the Juice of Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) as Culture Medium to Increase the Cell Density and the Production of Microbial Lipid

Yu-Hsien Lien,Fu-Yao Liu,Jyy-Ning Chen,Yu-Shan Huang,Yu-Hong Wei,Chiyang Yu,Che-Chi Shu 한국생물공학회 2019 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.24 No.2

Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) is one of the most well-known aquatic weeds as it causes problems in watercourses all over the world. This invasive species is fast-growing and thus has the potential for its use in preparing growth medium of microorganisms. Toward it, the pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification are positively the decisive processes. But there are other crucial processes, which are usually ignored by researchers. To the best of my knowledge, this presented work is the first time discovering that the juice obtained from water lettuce is valuable. Except for sterilization, no treatment is needed for the water lettuce’s juice and it can be directly served for cell growth. For Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, Bacillus subtilis, Lactococcus Lactis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus plantarum, the cell density in the broth of water lettuce’s juice as the only carbon source is 10-60% higher than that in LB, YPD, BHI, M17, MRS. We then examined the production of microbial lipid by YM prepared in the juice of water lettuce. In comparison to commercial medium YM broth, the YM with juice caused 84% increase in the production of microbial lipid. A simple process of collecting juice notably increased productivity.