Bhikshuni Sanghas and Buddhist Revival in Taiwan

Bhikshuni Changshen 대행선연구원 2023 한마음연구 Vol.10 No.-

현대 불교에서 대만은 가장 많은 수의 비구니(약 15,000명)와 가장다양한 여성 승가들의 존재로 인해 세계에서 우뚝 솟아 있다. 대만의 비구니 수는 비구를 3대 1의 비율로 넘어서는데 이는 불교 역사상유례없는 일이다. 대만의 불교 여성들은 포교, 사회복지, 교육, 예술, 문화에서뿐만 아니라 대만 시민사회와 세계불교의 발전에 큰 공헌을했다. 전근대 중국에서 비구니들이 열등한 소수자 지위였던 것과 대조적으로 현재 비구니의 우월하게 높은 비율은 그들의 뛰어난 업적 측면에서 학자들의 관심을 끈다. 그리고 전후戰後(1945년 이후) 대만의 급속한 산업화와 경제적 도약에 대한 표현인 ‘대만의 기적’에 대한 근본적인이유를 다시 생각하도록 한다. 불교 여성의 놀라운 공헌과 지도력, 그리고 불교 역사상 전례 없는 숫자의 우수한 고학력자 비구니들,전후 대만에서 여성들이 지도력을 발휘할 수 있도록 마련된 이례적인 제도 등, 이것들은 결코 진공상태에서 저절로 생겨난 것들이 아니다. 여러 구조적 조건과 여성들의 주체성이 대만 불교의 이런 독특한 현상에기여했다. 본 논문은 현대 대만 불교에서 역사적, 이론적으로 중요한 현상으로 나타난 여성의 종교적 지도력 신장을 논하기 위해, 전후의 비구니 승가를 대만의 현대 불교 부흥 운동과 관련지어 탐구했다. 대만의 4대 주요 불교 기관은 자제공덕회(Tzu Chi Foundation, 慈濟, Ciji), 불광산사(佛光山, Fo Guang Shan Monaster, Foguangshan), 법고산사(法鼓山,Dharma Drum Mountain, Fagushan), 그리고 중대선사(中台禪寺, Chung Tai Chan Monastery, Zhongtaishan) 등이다. 본 논문은 불교기관들의 개혁과 팽창이 일어났던 전후의 대만에서 비구니 승가의 발전에 대해 논의하기 위해 국제적으로도 잘 알려진 4대 사찰에서 생활하는 비구니 들의 모습을 근대 불교개혁혁명이 발전해 가는 상황과 함께 그려갈 것이다. 또한 이 불교개혁운동이 비구니들이 발전할 수 있는 엄청난 공간을 제공했음에도, 어떻게 개인적 수행 시간과 사회참여 활동 사이 에서 불균형을 초래하게 되었는지도 숙고할 것이다. In contemporary Buddhism, Taiwan stands out as home to the greatest number of female monastics(about 15,000) and to the most diverse female monastic sangha in the world. Taiwanese Buddhist nuns outnumber monks three to one, which is unprecedented in Buddhist history. Buddhist women in Taiwan have contributed substantially not only to Dharma outreach, social welfare, education, art, and culture but also to the development of civil society in Taiwan and of global Buddhism. In contrast to the inferior and minority status of Buddhist nuns in premodern China, the disproportionate number of female monastics in Taiwan―along with their outstanding accomplishments ―attracts scholars to discuss the underlying reasons for this “Taiwan miracle,” a phrase used to refer to the rapid industrialization and economic takeoff in Taiwan in the postwar period (1945 onward). The astonishing contribution and leadership of Buddhist women, the unprecedented number of prominent and highly educated nuns compared with the rest of Buddhist history, and the unusual institutional space opened to women’s leadership in postwar Taiwan did not appear in a vacuum. Both structural conditions and women’s agency have contributed to this unique phenomenon in TaiwaneseBuddhism. This paper explores a historically and theoretically significant phenomenon of women’s religious leadership in contemporary Taiwanese Buddhism: bhikshuni sanghas in relation to the modern Buddhist revival movement in Taiwan. The four largest Buddhist organizations in Taiwan are: Tzu Chi Foundation(Ciji 慈濟), Fo Guang Shan Monastery(Foguangshan 佛光⼭), Dharma Drum Mountain(DDM, Fagushan 法⿎⼭), and Chung Tai Chan Monastery(Zhongtaishan 中台禪寺). My research draws bhikshunis in Fo Guang Shan Monastery, Tzu Chi Foundation, and Dharma Drum Mountain, the three internationally best-known transnational Buddhist organizations in Taiwanese Buddhism, to discuss the development of bhikshuni sangha in postwarTaiwan, which was a time of innovation and expansion inBuddhist organizations, as modern Chinese Buddhist reformdeveloped in Taiwanese society. I will also reflect on how thisBuddhist reform ovement in Taiwan, though giving tremendous space for bhikshunis to develop, might possible bring bhikshunis an imbalance between personal cultivation time and socially engaged activities. KEYWORDS Bhikshuni, Taiwanese Buddhism, Dharma Drum Mountain,Fo Guang Shan, Tzu Chi, Buddhism for the Human Realm,Buddhist Nun

Synergistic effect of –COOH and Zr(IV) with a short distance in Zr-MOFs for promoting utilization of H2O2 in oxidative desulfurization

Zhaoyang Qi,Yan Wang,Changshen Ye,Jie Chen,Ting Qiu 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.111 No.-

The effectiveness of the catalytic oxidative desulfurization (CODS) process crucially depends on the catalyticactivity of the catalyst and the utilization of oxidizing agent. Catalyst with multiple active sites is aneffective method to improve the CODS effectiveness. The Zr(IV) and –COOH-containing metal–organicframework, UiO-66-(COOH)2, was synthesized and used as an active and recyclable catalyst for CODS. The UiO-66-(COOH)2 shows higher catalytic activity and H2O2 utilization in the CODS process thanUiO-66/–COOH, UiO-66, and H2BDC. And the high catalytic performance is derived from the synergisticeffect between the Zr(IV) open site and free –COOH functionality within the framework. Experimentalanalysis and DFT calculations results indicate that the synergistic effect, which changes the reaction pathand protects the *O2 – radical, is a very effective strategy to promote desulfurization efficiency and the utilizationefficiency of H2O2. In addition, it is essential to highlight that the active-site distance also has asignificant influence on the effectiveness of CODS. This research may provide a new avenue for improvingthe CODS performance.

Model Test and Numerical Simulation Study on Bearing Characteristics of Pervious Concrete Pile Composite Foundation

Jun Cai,Guangyin Du,Han Xia,Changshen Sun 대한토목학회 2021 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.25 No.10

When pervious concrete is used as pile material, both high strength and water permeability will be available. By comparing the strength and permeability of pervious concrete with different aggregate size (3 − 5 mm and 4 − 6 mm) and porosity (20%, 25%, 30% and 35%), the recommended aggregate size (3 − 5 mm) and porosity (30%) can be achieved. To investigate the installation effect and bearing characteristics of the pervious concrete pile composite foundation, the excess pore water pressure, settlement, pile-soil stress ratio and skin friction were recorded in the model test. Results show that, compared with the impervious pile, the pervious pile can significantly accelerate the dissipation of excess pore water pressure after pile installation, and in the loading test can shorten the consolidation time by 30.3%, increase the skin friction 0.12 kPa averagely, reduce the peak value of excess pore water pressure by 30.2%, and increase the characteristic value of bearing capacity by 43.2%. When the linear penalty method is applied, and the friction coefficient is 0.6, compared with the test, the deviation of simulated skin friction is the largest, being about 15%, so in general the model test results are reliable.

Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of Anaplasma spp. in sheep and goats from six provinces of China

Yan Zhang,Yali Lv,Feifei Zhang,Wenjing Zhang,Jinhong Wang,Yanyan Cui,Rongjun Wang,Fuchun Jian,Longxian Zhang,Changshen Ning 대한수의학회 2016 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.17 No.4

Members of the genus Anaplasma are important emerging tick-borne pathogens in both humans and animals in tropical and subtropical areas. Here, we investigated the presence of Anaplasma spp. in 621 sheep and 710 goats from six provinces of China. Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and DNA sequencing were conducted to determine the prevalence of Anaplasma (A.) phagocytophilum, A. ovis and A. bovis targetingthe 16S ribosomal RNA or the major surface protein 4 gene. PCR revealed Anaplasma in 39.0% (240/621) of sheep and 45.5% (323/710)of goats. The most frequently detected species was A. ovis (88/621, 14.2% for sheep; 129/710, 18.2% for goats), followed by A. bovis (60/621,9.7% for sheep; 74/710, 10.4% for goats) and A. phagocytophilum (33/621, 5.3% for sheep; 15/710, 2.1% for goats). Additionally, eight sheepand 20 goats were found to be infected with three pathogens simultaneously. DNA sequencing confirmed the presence of these three Anaplasmaspecies in the investigated areas, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that there was geographic segregation to a certain extent, as well as arelationship between the host and cluster of A. ovis. The results of the present study provide valuable data that helps understand theepidemiology of anaplasmosis in ruminants from China.