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Effect of Venous Superdrainage on a Four-Territory Skin Flap Survival in Rats
Chang, Hak,Minn, Kyung Won,Imanishi, Nobuaki,Minabe, Toshiharu,Nakajima, Hideo Williams & Wilkins 2007 Plastic and reconstructive surgery Vol.119 No.7
BACKGROUND:: In a previous report, the authors demonstrated that distal arterial supercharging is more effective at increasing flap survival. There is no doubt of the benefit of arterial augmentation in flap surgery, but the effect of venous superdrainage is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate how venous augmentation could generate larger flap survival areas with different superdrainage positions in rats. METHODS:: A four-territory skin flap, developed by the authors, was used. Forty rats were divided into four groups, as follows: group 1, flaps based only on the deep circumflex iliac artery and vein; group 2, flaps superdrained with the ipsilateral superficial inferior epigastric vein; group 3, flaps superdrained with the contralateral superficial inferior epigastric vein; and group 4, flaps superdrained with the contralateral deep circumflex iliac vein. On the fourth postoperative day, the flaps were assessed by measurements of necrosis and survival areas. Vascular changes produced by venous augmentation were evaluated angiographically. RESULTS:: Compared with group 1 (mean flap survival, 37.8 ± 5.0 percent), the flap survival areas were significantly greater in the superdrainage flap groups (group 2, 57.4 ± 6.5 percent, p < 0.001; group 3, 72.4 ± 21.3 percent, p < 0.001, and group 4, 89.2 ± 18.8 percent; p < 0.001). Angiographic assessment of the flaps revealed dilatation of the choke vein between the territories and reorientation of dilated veins along the long axes of the flaps. CONCLUSIONS:: This study demonstrates that venous augmentation is also effective for increasing flap survival, and the distal procedure is more effective than the proximal procedure in arterial supercharging.
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임창학(Changhak Lim),김동우(Dongwoo Kim),김용찬(Yongchan Kim),서국정(Kookjeong Seo) 대한설비공학회 2013 설비공학 논문집 Vol.25 No.12
The purpose of this study is to improve the cooling performance of single and cascade refrigeration systems using thermoelectric modules. The system consists of a heat sink, fan, and thermoelectric module. The operating parameters considered in this study include power distribution between the first- and second-stage thermoelectric modules, air flow, and variable condensing unit. The cooling capacity increased with decreases in the temperature difference between hot and cold surfaces, but decreased with increases in the condensing temperature. The COP decreased with increasing electric power of the thermoelectric module because of the increased Joule heat. The cooling performance improvement using the thermoelectric module is represented by the freezer temperature.
Cha, Min-Ah,Shin, Changhak,Kannaiyan, Dinakaran,Jang, Yoon Hee,Kochuveedu, Saji Thomas,Ryu, Du Yeol,Kim, Dong Ha Royal Society of Chemistry 2009 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.19 No.39
<P>Hybrid titanium dioxide (TiO<SUB>2</SUB>) nanostructures with engineered morphologies were produced by a simple synthetic approach based on cooperative sol-gel chemistry and self-assembly of amphiphilic poly(styrene-<I>block</I>-ethylene oxide) (PS-<I>b</I>-PEO) block copolymer (BCP) <I>via</I> spin-coating common solutions of BCP and inorganic precursors. TiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanostructures with two extreme reverse morphologies, <I>i.e.</I>, TiO<SUB>2</SUB> dot-in-PS matrix and PS dot-in-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> matrix, were obtained by increasing the volumetric ratio of the TiO<SUB>2</SUB> sol-gel precursor from 10 to 50 vol%. Incorporation of silver nitrate into the TiO<SUB>2</SUB> matrix afforded a hybrid Ag/TiO<SUB>2</SUB> thin film with hexagonally packed arrays of PS nanodots. Upon removal of the PS-<I>b</I>-PEO template from the initial hybrid films by UV treatment, inorganic nanostructures having the same lateral morphologies as the initial films were derived. Among the structures investigated, the Ag/TiO<SUB>2</SUB> mesoporous film exhibited the best photocatalytic performance. The surface/internal morphology and the mechanism of structural evolution were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS).</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>TiO<SUB>2</SUB> and Ag/TiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanostructures with engineered morphologies and enhanced photocatalytic properties were produced by a cooperative sol-gel chemistry and block copolymer self-assembly. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b907922j'> </P>
Size control and registration of nano-structured thin films by cross-linkable units
Kim, Eunhye,Shin, Changhak,Ahn, Hyungju,Ryu, Du Yeol,Bang, Joona,Hawker, Craig J.,Russell, Thomas P. Royal Society of Chemistry 2008 Soft matter Vol.4 No.3
<P>Thermoset thin films <I>via</I> directed self-assembly, where benzocyclobutene (BCB) groups are incorporated selectively into the one block, have been prepared from cross-linkable block copolymers in a simple process, which allows size controllability and the registration of oriented microdomains in multi-layer applications.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Thermoset thin films <I>via</I> directed self-assembly, prepared from cross-linkable block copolymers, allow size controllability and the registration of oriented microdomains in multi-layer applications. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b717903k'> </P>