Projections of summertime ozone concentration over East Asia under multiple IPCC SRES emission scenarios

Lee, Jae-Bum,Cha, Jun-Seok,Hong, Sung-Chul,Choi, Jin-Young,Myoung, Ji-Su,Park, Rokjin J.,Woo, Jung-Hun,Ho, Changhoi,Han, Jin-Seok,Song, Chang-Keun Elsevier 2015 Atmospheric environment Vol.106 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We have developed the Integrated Climate and Air Quality Modeling System (ICAMS) through the one-way nesting of global–regional models to examine the changes in the surface ozone concentrations over East Asia under future climate scenarios. Model simulations have been conducted for the present period of 1996–2005 to evaluate the performance of ICAMS. The simulated surface ozone concentrations reproduced the observed monthly mean concentrations at sites in East Asia with high R<SUP>2</SUP> values (0.4–0.9), indicating a successful simulation to capture both spatial and temporal variability. We then performed several model simulations with the six IPCC SRES scenarios (A2, A1B, A1FI, A1T, B1, and B2) for the next three periods, 2016–2025 (the 2020s), 2046–2055 (the 2050s), and 2091–2100 (the 2090s). The model results show that the projected changes of the annual daily mean maximum eight-hour (DM8H) surface ozone concentrations in summertime for East Asia are in the range of 2–8 ppb, −3 to 8 ppb, and −7 to 9 ppb for the 2020s, the 2050s, and the 2090s, respectively, and are primarily determined based on the emission changes of NO<SUB>x</SUB> and NMVOC. The maximum increases in the annual DM8H surface ozone and high-ozone events occur in the 2020s for all scenarios except for A2, implying that the air quality over East Asia is likely to get worse in the near future period (the 2020s) than in the far future periods (the 2050s and the 2090s). The changes in the future environment based on IPCC SRES scenarios would also influence the change in the occurrences of high-concentrations events more greatly than that of the annual DM8H surface ozone concentrations. Sensitivity simulations show that the emissions increase is the key factor in determining future regional surface ozone concentrations in the case of a developing country, China, whereas a developed country, Japan would be influenced more greatly by effects of the regional climate change than the increase in emissions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Change in ozone level is determined by the combination of NO<SUB>x</SUB> and NMVOC emissions. </LI> <LI> Ozone level over East Asia would get worse in the near future (the 2020s) than far future. </LI> <LI> A high-concentration event generally increases and more frequently occurs in the future. </LI> <LI> Change in ozone air quality in a developing country depends more on emissions change. </LI> <LI> Change in ozone air quality in a developed country depends more on climate change. </LI> </UL> </P>

개에서 동소성 간이식술시의 대사 및 혈역학적 변화

이창준,홍순용,신근만,최영룡,이영주,문종선 대한마취과학회 1993 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.26 No.3

Skilled and experienced anestheia is of great importance for patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation, because of multiple preexisting medical problems in such patients as well as the intraoperative problems of rapid hemodynamic, metabolic, and coagulation changes. In this study, the intraoperative hemodynamic and laboratory data were analyzed in ten dogs that underwent an orthotopic liver transplantation procedure by veno-venous bypass using Biopump. Liver transplantation can be divided into three distinct periods: stage I, or preanhepatic stage, which begins with the induction of anesthesia and continues until cross clamping of portal vein and IVC; stage II, or anhepatic stage, which begins at the anhepatic time and continues until the donor liver is reperfused by the recipients circulating blood; and stage III, or postanhepatic stage, which begins at the time of reperfusion and continues until the end of surgical procedure. The hemodynamic changes at the time of IVC and portal vein cross clamping were decreases in CVP, PCWP, and pulmonary artery pressure in spite of using Biopump. The significant metabolic alternations during anhepatic stage were decrease in blood glucose levels and increase in blood lactate levels. The more significant hemodynamic changes occurred at the time of reperfusion. Systolic pressure decreased suddenly to 58±6 mmHg and cardiac output decreased to 1.08±0.1l L/min. However heart rate, pulmonary artery pressure, CVP, and PCWP did not change significantly. During stage III, hyperglycemia occurred quite frequently. Significant abnormal coagulation chages could not be found, probably because the dogs were healthy. In conclusion, during anhepatic stage, we have to compensate for alternations of fluid balance. At the time of reperfusion, we should prevent severe hemodynamic changes and treat them immediately if they occur. However, it seems that glucose administration is not necessary to the liver recipient during stage II because there is no significant hemodynamic depression e to hypoglycemia at this time and hyperglycemia occurs later

HPV에 감염된 자궁경부 상피세포의 Keratin 아형 변화에 관한 연구

기근홍,이영미,장원재,임용,임성철,김창원,전호종 조선대학교 1994 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.19 No.2

The human papillomavirus (HPV) are wide spread in the world, causing proliferation of epidermal and mucosal surface. Certain papillomaviral types are oncogenic in vivo and in vitro. HPV DNA has been detected in most of cervical lesions such as condyloma acuminata, dysplasias, and invasive carcinomas. The materials for this study consisted of 5 dysplasias. 5 squamous cell carcinomas, and 5 exocervix for control, that resected for definite treatment of uterine disease at Chosen University Hospital from January, 1991 to December, 1993. All cases were performed of in situ hybridization for HPV DNA type 6/11, 16, and 18. And also immununohistochemical stain for panel of monoclonal cytokeratin (CK) antibodies were done. The result obtained is as fallows : 1. HPV DNA type 6/11 are detected in all dysplasias. HPV DNA type 16 and 18 are detected in squamous cell carcinomas. 2. Stratifed squamous epithelium of exocervix are positive staining for CK 1, CK 5/6, CK 8, CK 13, CK 14, and CK 19. HPV DNA type 6/11 infected cells are positive for CK 1, CK 13, CK 14, CK 17, CK 18, and CK 19. HPV DNA type 16/18 infected cells are positive for CK 1, CK 5/6, CK 10, CK 13, CK 14, CK 17, CK 18, and CK 19. In conclusion, HPV infection of uterine cervix is associated with change of normal cytokeratin expression pattern. Dysplastic cells are changed of CK 5/6, CK 8, CK 17 and CK18. Squamous cell carcinoma cells are changed of CK 8, CK 17, and CK 18.

Rat의 복강내에 투여한 5-fluorouracil-polyglycolic acid 제형이 장기에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

강대영,송규상,최정목,노승무,정경수,오정연,김진향,양준묵,최선웅,이진호,조준식,민병무,김용백,김창식,박근성,김승영,김학용,인현빈 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1998 충남의대잡지 Vol.25 No.1

For more effective intraperitoneal chemotherapy, the authers made 5-fluorouracil-polyglycolic acid composite disks(FU-PGA disks) with 5-fluorouracil and polyglycolic acid, a biodegradable polymer. We inserted the FU-PGA disk into the peritoneal cavites of Sprague-Dawley male rats, the control and three experimental groups; one FU-PGA disk insert group(300mg/kg), two FU-PGA disk insert group(600mg/kg), and three FU-PGA disk insert group(900mg/kg). The control group received a similar number of PGA disk inserts. A pharmacokinetic study was performed to measure the 5-fluorouracil concentration in the peritoneal fluid, blood, and tissues(liver, kidney and heart) at 24 hours, 72hours and 168 hours after insertion of the FU-PGA disk. Light and electron microscopic studies were done. The results were as follows: 1) The number of white blood cells and platelets decreased after FU-PGA insertion. The degree was proportional to the duration and amounts inserted. The change in the number of red blood cells varied slightly. 2) Light microscopically, slight changes were noted at 168 hours in the 3 disk insert group (900mg/kg). Mild fatty change and hepatocyte degeneration around the central veins of the liver were noted, with vacuolar degeneration in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. 3) Electron microscopically,the liver showed focal increases of lipid droplets in the hepatocytes, and irregular nuclear membrane with focal nucleolar segregation of the fibrillar and granular elements. Also the double membranous structure of the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells was widened with bleb formation. The kidney showed wide separation of the nuclear double membrane in the proximal convoluted tubular cells and mesangial cells, with vacuolation and myelin figure formation in the mitochondria of the proximal convoluted tubular cells, at 72 hours and 168 hours in the 2 to 3 FU-PGA insert groups. The heart showed focal loss of cristae,vacuolation and myelin figure formation in the mitochondria of the 2 to 3 FU-PGA insert groups. In conclusion, despite the large amont of FU-PGA inserted, the histopathological changes in the liver, kidney and heart were slight, and consonant with the very low amount of 5-fluorouracil concentrations detected in the liver, kidney and heart. The above results suggest that the FU-PGA composite can serve as a new device for releasing drugs in a controlled manner and easily targeted to intraperitoneal organs. This device can improve the efficacy of intraperitoneal chemotherapy for gastric cancer.

General Equilibrium Model of Economic Growth and Structural Change in Agriculture

Park, Jung Keun,Kang, Chang Yong 전북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1984 農大論文集 Vol.15 No.-

經濟構造의 變化는 最終需要나 中間財需要等 需要條件의 變化에 따라 說明되기도 하고 資源, 技術 等 供給條件의 變化에 따라 論明되기도 한다. 그러나 需要·供給條件의 相五聯關性을 따른 經濟購造變化의 說明이 가장 바람직하다고 할수 있다. Tolley-Smidt, Kelley- williamson, Yamaguchi-Binswanger等은 經濟構造 變化를 一般均衡模型에 의하여 分析하였다. 그들의 模型은 모두 農業部門의 二部門 模型에 基礎를 둔다. 그러나 開發途上國의 經濟成長에 따른 農業內部의 構造變化는 食糧部門과 非食糧部門의 特性을 뚜렷하게 區分짓기 때문에 經濟成長과 構造變化는 食糧部門, 非食糧部門, 非農業部門의 三部門模型에 의하여 接近할 必要가 있다. 本硏衆 이와 같은 問題點에 立脚하여 Yamaguchi-Binswanger 部門 模型을 三部門模型으로 延長, 擴大코저 한다. A selective review of the hypotheses purporting to explain the structural changes of economy reveals the structure of final or intermediate demand as a key explanation of structural change, while others suggest that any model purporting to explain this phenomenon should explore differences in production technologies, factor substitution possibilities and rate of technical change. However, the critical importance of interdependence between demand and supply condition naturally leades to general equilibrium model. Tolley-Smidt, Kelley-Williamson, and Yamaguchi-Binswanger analyzed the structural change with general equilibrium condition under the two sector (agriculture and industry) model. However, for most developing countries the structural change within agriculature can be observed as a result of the rapid economic growth. In the light of this point, this study is an attempt to analyze the economic development in terms of vital relationship within agriculatural sectors (food grain and non-food grain) and between these sectors and industry and to extend Yamaguchi-Binswanger model to three sector model.

최근 30년간 스포로트리쿰증 임상 병형의 추세에 대한 관찰

임채성,권경술,장호선,정태안,오창근 대한의진균학회 1997 대한의진균학회지 Vol.2 No.1

Background: The clinical types of sporotrichosis are generally classified into four group: lymphocutaneous, fixed cutaneous, and cutaneous disseminated, and hematogenous. Of these, the lymphocutaneous variety is the most frequently encountered pattern, constituting 80% of sporotrichosis patients and the fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis is the next. Potassium iodide (KI) was the most commonly used drug for the treatment of sporotrichosis. Many studies about these clinical findings of sporotrichosis have been reported, but comparative study on the changes in clinical findings has not been reported. Objective: The purpose of this study is to clarify the changes of the clinical findings in sporotrichosis in Korea. Methods: A total of 58 patients with sporotrichosis who had visited the Department of Dermatology, Pusan National University were divided into 2 groups according to the period and then the clinical findings of sporotrichosis were compared. Results: The results of study are summarized as follows: 1. During this period, there were 58 cases of sporotrichosis. In the past period (1967~1979) there were 35 cases of sporotrichosis, and there were 23 cases in the recent period (1980~1997) 2. In the past period, most cases (71.4%) were lymphocutaneous type, however in the recent period, most cases (69.2%) were fixed cutaneous type. 3. The most commonly affected site was right upper extremity in the past period, but face fright upper extremity were the most commonly affected sites in the recent period. 4. In the past period, 2nd and 3rd decades were prevalent age group, but 5th to 7th decades were prevalent age group in the recent period. 5. In the treatment of sporotrichosis, potassium iodide (KI) was the choice of treatment in the past period, however itraconazole is gradually used in the recent period. Conclusion: According to this study, many changes in clinical findings of sporotrichosis were noted, especially in the clinical type. We found that clnical type of sporotrichosis changed from lymphocutaneous type to the fixed cutaneous type with time. And we suggest that further observation would be necessary to define the meaning of these changes.

급성 췌장염의 시대적 변화

김배영(Bai Young Kim),김효종(Hyo Jong Kim),정형근(Hyung Keun Chung),김영관(Young Kwan Kim),동석호(Seok Ho Dong),김병호(Byung Ho Kim),이정일(Jung Il Lee),장영운(Young Woon Chang),장린(Rin Chang) 대한내과학회 1993 대한내과학회지 Vol.45 No.5

N/A Background: According to the rapid changes in social environment such as increasing alcohol consumption and the marked improvement in diagnostic technique, we expect that there have been major changes in various aspects of acute pancreatitis during the recent 12 years in Korea. Methods: The medical records of 317 patients with acute pancreatitis diagnosed from 1980 through 1992 were reviewed about clinical, laboratory and radiological findings in the three different time period. Results: 1) There has been an increasing incidence in male sex about three folds. 2) There has been an increasing trends in the duration of hospitalization. 3) A significant increase was observed in the proportion of patients with alcoholic pancreatitis in the three different time period; 26.9%, 45.7%, 50.7% respectively. 4) The complication rates have been slightly increased in the three different time period; 46.3%, 47.1%, 59.1% respectively. But, the type of complications has not been changed. 5) There is increasing severity in non-gallstone group, but no significant differences in gallstone group. There is a declining trends in the number of patients with muld severity index, but increasing trend in the number of patients with moderate severity index in non-gallstone group. 6) There was no significant differences in mortality rate. Conclusions: There has been major changes in the etiology ans severity of acute pancreatitis from 1980 through 1992. Especially, significant increase in the proportion of patients with alcoholic pancreatitis was observed in the three differnt time period. These results might be due to socioeconomic changes.

북서태평양에 서식하는 살오징어(Todarodes pacificus) 계군 분석에 대한 고찰

김정연,문창호,윤문근,강창근,김경렬,나태희,최은정,이충일,Kim, Jeong-Yun,Moon, Chang-Ho,Yoon, Moon-Geun,Kang, Chang-Keun,Kim, Kyung-Ryul,Na, Taehee,Choy, Eun Jung,Lee, Chung Il 한국해양학회 2012 바다 Vol.17 No.4

This paper reviews comparison analysis of current and latest application for stock identification methods of Todarodes pacificus, and the pros and cons of each method and consideration of how to compensate for each other. Todarodes pacificus which migrates wide areas in western North Pacific is important fishery resource ecologically and commercially. Todarodes pacificus is also considered as 'biological indicator' of ocean environmental changes. And changes in its short and long term catch and distribution area occur along with environmental changes. For example, while the catch of pollack, a cold water fish, has dramatically decreased until today after the climate regime shift in 1987/1988, the catch of Todarodes pacificus has been dramatically increased. Regarding the decrease in pollack catch, overfishing and climate changes were considered as the main causes, but there has been no definite reason until today. One of the reasons why there is no definite answer is related with no proper analysis about ecological and environmental aspects based on stock identification. Subpopulation is a group sharing the same gene pool through sexual reproduction process within limited boundaries having similar ecological characteristics. Each individual with same stock might be affected by different environment in temporal and spatial during the process of spawning, recruitment and then reproduction. Thereby, accurate stock analysis about the species can play an efficient alternative to comply with effective resource management and rapid changes. Four main stock analysis were applied to Todarodes pacificus: Morphologic Method, Ecological Method, Tagging Method, Genetic Method. Ecological method is studies for analysis of differences in spawning grounds by analysing the individual ecological change, distribution, migration status, parasitic state of parasite, kinds of parasite and parasite infection rate etc. Currently the method has been studying lively can identify the group in the similar environment. However It is difficult to know to identify the same genetic group in each other. Tagging Method is direct method. It can analyse cohort's migration, distribution and location of spawning, but it is very difficult to recapture tagged squids and hard to tag juveniles. Genetic method, which is for useful fishery resource stock analysis has provided the basic information regarding resource management study. Genetic method for stock analysis is determined according to markers' sensitivity and need to select high multiform of genetic markers. For stock identification, isozyme multiform has been used for genetic markers. Recently there is increase in use of makers with high range variability among DNA sequencing like mitochondria, microsatellite. Even the current morphologic method, tagging method and ecological method played important rolls through finding Todarodes pacificus' life cycle, migration route and changes in spawning grounds, it is still difficult to analyze the stock of Todarodes pacificus as those are distributed in difference seas. Lately, by taking advantages of each stock analysis method, more complicated method is being applied. If based on such analysis and genetic method for improvement are played, there will be much advance in management system for the resource fluctuation of Todarodes pacificus. 본 종설논문은 살오징어의 기존 및 최근에 새롭게 적용되고 있는 계군 분석방법들을 비교 분석하여 각 분석방법의 장단점과 분석방법간의 상호보완에 대하여 고찰하였다. 살오징어는 북서태평양의 넓은 지역을 회유하는 어종으로 생태계 및 상업적으로 중요한 자원이다. 살오징어는 해양환경변화의 생물학적 지표로서의 가능성을 평가 받고 있으며, 장단기적인 어획량 및 분포역의 변화가 환경 변화와 함께 나타난다. 예를 들어, 1987/1988 무렵에 발생한 기후체제전환 이후 한류성 어종으로 분류되는 명태의 어획량은 급감하여 현재까지 그 영향이 지속되고 있는 반면, 살 오징어 어획량은 크게 증가하였다. 현재까지 명태 어획량의 감소에 대하여 남획과 기후변화에 초점이 맞추어진 해석이 있으나, 뚜렷한 원인 분석은 이루어지지 않고 있다. 그 이유 중 한 가지는 계군 분석에 근거한 생태, 환경적 측면에 대한 정확한 원인 분석이 이루어지지 않고 있는 것과 관련이 된다. 계군은 유사한 생물학적 특징을 가진 개체들이 제한된 영역 내에서 유성생식과정을 통하여 동일한 유전자 풀(gene pool)을 공유하는 집단으로, 동일 계군을 형성하는 개체들은 산란에서 자원으로 가입 후 다시 재생산 과정에 이르기까지 시간 및 공간적으로 각기 다른 환경의 영향을 받을 수 있다. 따라서, 종에 대한 정확한 계군 분석은 자원의 효과적인 관리 및 급격한 변화에 대한 중요한 대응 방안의 역할을 할 수 있다. 살오징어 계군 분석에 적용된 주요 방법은 크게 4가지로 형태학적 방법, 생태학적 방법, 표지방류법, 유전학적 방법이 있다. 형태학적인 방법은 분석방법이 가장 간단하고 다수의 개체를 비교적 쉽게 분석할 수 있지만 각 형질들은 성장기간 동안 환경에 의해 영향을 많이 받게 되어 개체간의 차이가 생긴다. 생태학적 방법은 주로 개체의 생리적인 변화와 분포 및 회유상태, 기생충의 기생상태나 종류 및 기생률 등을 분석, 산란장의 차이를 알아보는 연구이며, 현재 활발히 연구되고 있는 방법으로 유사한 환경에서 생활하는 집단을 알 수 있지만 유전적으로 같은 집단인지는 알기 어렵다. 표지방류법은 직접적인 방법으로 계군의 회유 및 분포, 산란장의 위치를 파악할 수 있지만 수거가 어렵고 초기 단계에는 표식을 하기 어렵다. 수산생물의 계군 분석을 위한 유전학적 방법은 자원관리학적 연구에 관한 기본적 정보를 제공해 왔다. 계군 분석을 위한 유전학적 방법은 이에 사용하는 유전자 마커(marker)의 감도에 따라 결정되며, 유전자 마커의 다형성이 높은 것을 선택해야 한다. 계군 분석을 위한 유전자 마커로는 오랜 기간 동안 동위효소 다형이 사용되어졌으며, 최근에는 mitochondria, microsatellite와 같이 DNA 염기배열 중에서도 변이성이 높은 영역을 선택하여 마커로 이용한 연구가 증가되고 있다. 기존의 형태학적 방법, 표지방류법, 생태학적인 방법들은 살오징어의 생활사, 회유경로, 산란장의 변화 등을 밝혀내어 계군을 파악하는데 많은 기여를 하였지만 여전히 각 해역에 분포하는 살오징어의 계군을 파악하기에는 어려움이 있다. 최근에는 기존의 계군 분석이 지닌 장단점을 비교 분석하여 복합적인 방법의 계군 분석이 이루어지며, 이러한 정보들을 바탕으로 유전학적 방법을 보완한다면 살오징어 자원의 변동에 대한 관리 방안을 마련하는데 도움을 줄 것이다.

Effect of Changing Amniotic Fluid Osmolarity on the $Li^+$ Transport Through the Membrane Surrounding Amniotic Fluid in the Rabbit

Chang, Jin-Keun,Lee, Sang-Jin,Sung, Ho-Kyung The Korean Physiological Society 1993 대한생리학회지 Vol.27 No.1

To study the regulation of amniotic fluid volume and electrolyte concentration by the Membranes surrounding the amniotic fluid, the rate of $Li^+$ disappearance from amniotic sac of expired fetuses were examined while increasing the amniotic volume and osmolarity in rabbits. After intraamniotic injection of 1 ml isosmotic saline (about 20% of the amniotic fluid volume) containing 15 mM LiCl and 0.5 g/L Censored, the time courses of $Li^+$ and Censored disappearance were determined. From there the $Li^+$ clearance through the extrafetal routes was estimated and compared with that obtained from living fetuses. The volume, $Na^+$ concentration and osmolarity of amniotic fluid were measured and their relationships with $Li^+$ disappearance were evaluated. The fellowing results were obtained: 1. The rate of disappearance from amniotic fluid of living fetuses during the first 30 minutes was strikingly higher for $Li^+$ than for Censored, suggesting that extrafetal routes exist. At 60 and 90 minutes, however, the disappearance rate of $Li^+$ was less than that of Censored, suggesting the possibility of $Li^+$ reentry through fetal urination. 2. The disappearance of $Li^+$ from the amniotic fluid of the expired fetus was substantial, although lower than that of living fetuses, throughout the experimental period. 3. The $Na^+$ concentration and the osmolarity of the amniotic fluid of expired fetus measured 30 minutes after an intraamniotic injection of isoosmotic saline showed wide variation, but thereafter they changed gradually towards the normal extracellular fluid level. 4. When the amniotic fluid was iso- or hyposmolar, the rate of $Li^+$ disappearance from the amniotic fluid of the expired fetuses showed little variation. However, when the amniotic fluid was hyperosmolar, the rate at 30 minutes was markedly lower than those of isosmotic or hyposmotic amniotic fluid. At 90 minutes, the rate of $Li^+$ disappearance in hyperosmolar fluid reached a similar level to the rate in isosmolar fluid. 5. The intraamniotic injection of 400 mOsm/L saline solution decreased the disappearance rate of $Li^+$ from expired fetuses, while the injection of mannitol into the maternal vein induced no significant change. From these results it is concluded that: 1) a significant amount of $Li^+$ may leave the amniotic fluid via filtration through the membranes surrounding the amniotic fluid, 2) during hyperosmolar challenge to amniotic fluid, osmotic bulk flow might counteract the filterable loss, and 3) $Li^+$ disappearance might continue even after the volume and osmolarity of the amniotic fluid have recovered to control values.

X-ray Irradiation Induced Reversible Resistance Change in Pt/TiO₂/Pt Cells

Chang, Seo Hyoung,Kim, Jungho,Phatak, Charudatta,D’Aquila, Kenneth,Kim, Seong Keun,Kim, Jiyoon,Song, Seul Ji,Hwang, Cheol Seong,Eastman, Jeffrey A.,Freeland, John W.,Hong, Seungbum American Chemical Society 2014 ACS NANO Vol.8 No.2

<P>The interaction between X-rays and matter is an intriguing topic for both fundamental science and possible applications. In particular, synchrotron-based brilliant X-ray beams have been used as a powerful diagnostic tool to unveil nanoscale phenomena in functional materials. However, it has not been widely investigated how functional materials respond to the brilliant X-rays. Here, we report the X-ray-induced reversible resistance change in 40-nm-thick TiO<SUB>2</SUB> films sandwiched by Pt top and bottom electrodes, and propose the physical mechanism behind the emergent phenomenon. Our findings indicate that there exists a photovoltaic-like effect, which modulates the resistance reversibly by a few orders of magnitude, depending on the intensity of impinging X-rays. We found that this effect, combined with the X-ray irradiation induced phase transition confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, triggers a nonvolatile reversible resistance change. Understanding X-ray-controlled reversible resistance changes can provide possibilities to control initial resistance states of functional materials, which could be useful for future information and energy storage devices.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2014/ancac3.2014.8.issue-2/nn405867p/production/images/medium/nn-2013-05867p_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nn405867p'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>