태극권의 원리에 관한 연구

김창룡,박종구 龍仁大學校 武道硏究所 2004 武道硏究所誌 Vol.15 No.1

This study set out to investigate if the many different schools were different as much as they looked different on the outside or if they still shared the same contents in the theories of Taijiquan despite the different appearances by comparing the histories, theories, and Quanjia(拳架) of the schools with the focus on Chenjia-taijiquan(陳家太極拳). It also aimed to confirm the results of the consideration of the histories and theories by comparing each school's Taijiquan(太極拳) and Quanjia(拳架). The findings were as follows: 1) The sameness and the difference in the aspect of history of Taijiquan(太極拳) Taijiquan was reviewed from the origin to the differentiation and development. As a result, today's Taijiquan was the product of the original form practiced in Chenjiagou(陳家溝) being completed as the modern Taijiquan and gradually distributed and spread outside. The review of the history of Taijiquan revealed that it accomplished more fresh developments in many aspects after it was being distributed outside than it was limited within the region of Chenjiagou(陳家溝) and the Chen family. First, there were developments and systematization in terms of theories. It should be acknowledged that all the theoretical establishments were already prepared as the modern Taijiquan(太極拳) began to form in Chenjiagou(陳家溝). What is argued here is that it was after Taijiquan moved out of Chenjiagou(陳家溝) that the theoretical systems turned more refined and systematic. In other words, there was already a complete set of the secrets in which all the experiences and know-how from Chen wang-ting(陳王延) and Chen chang-xing (陳長興2) were accumulated for generations even in the era of Chenjiagou(陳家溝). But the secrets and tricks of the original Chenjiagou(陳家溝) enjoyed a lot of boons only after Wu yu-xiang(武禹襄) and Li yi-yu(이역여) integrated the theories of Greate Absolute and yin and yang(太極陰陽) into the Taijiquan(陳家溝) and thus the name of Taijiquan(陳家溝) was appointed as the official name. The biggest driving force that made all those happen was the wide spread of Taijiquan(太極拳3), which was backed up by the refined concerning writings by the addition of literary men and noblemen to the group of Taijiquan. Second, there were more than the theories that were under mutual influences after Taijiquan being spread outside. In the process of Taijiquan 's differentiation and development, Dajia(大架) and Xiaojia(小架) were established by Chenjia-taijiquan(陳家太極拳), which in turn exchanged mutual impacts with other schools that were being formed and drew and absorbed the influences from other schools. As a result, the appearances of Taijiquan became different somewhat along with the interpretations of the terms, but the basic mental techniques of Taijiquan seemed to be shared among the different schools. Thus there would be no opposition to saying that Taijiquan(陳家溝) could be used to refer to all the different schools with seemingly different appearances. The sameness and the difference in the aspect of theories of Taijiquan(陳家溝) The Taijiquan(太極拳) theories of each school were compared. As a result, having originated from the traditions represented by the Quanjing(拳經) of Qi ji-guang(威繼光), the concerned theories earned a new creative slogan called Taijiquan thanks to Chen wang-ting(陳王延). With the Chenjiagou(陳家溝) as the tradition, the outside creations followed their own growing path being represented by Wang zong-yue(王宗岳) and Wu yu-xiang(武禹襄). Then the concerned theories and creations combined together as the situations of the times changed, which results corresponded to the findings according to the chronological order. There was a strong sense of the process of thesis-antithesis-synthesis, where new creations were made based on the traditions, then the traditions were separated from the creations, and then there was another combination together. In today's world, there are many different schools of Taijiquan, which are operated in the same principles and rules based on the common roots. That should be the reason why Taijiquan can be nothing but Taijiquan no matter differences there are among the schools. The flow in the history has resulted in the different styles of five major schools of today's Taijiquan, which still have common features in the body and limb principles and rules. Thus it was confirmed that Taijiquan has not evolved into different types of Taijiquan based on the appearances but taken different outside forms according to the goals of practicing and spreading it or the degree of cultivation and tastes of Taijiquan people. The sameness and the difference in the aspect of each school's Taijiquan(太極拳) based on the Quanjia(拳架 comparison The Quanjia(拳架)(Taolu 套路) of each school was compared in the composition and common Zhaoshi(超式) in order to compare their Taijiquan. As a result, even though the names of Zhaoshi(超式) were changed and went through partial omission, replacement, alteration, addition, and simplification, the Taijiquan of each school turned out to share the same family line based on the Laojia(老架) of Chenjia-taijiquan(眞家太極拳). Then going into details of Zhaoshi(招式) led to the selection and comparison of several Zhaoshi(招式). After the comparison methods and scopes were decided, it was investigated what caused the outside changes to Taijiquan(太極拳). The results confirmed that even though the Zhaoshi(太極拳) of each school that originated from Chenjia-taijiquan(陳家太極拳) appeared very much different from the outside, they shared the same implications on the inside. It would be reasonable to argue that the outside appearances that seemed very much different in the overall structure or individual Zhaoshi(招式) were the products of each school's responding to the needs for spreading their Taijiquan for survival. That is, they just tried to pursue "Eungmuljayean(應物自然 : means unify with every object in nature)" of Taijiquan(太極拳) by taking proper measures responding to the changing situations of the times. In short, there were changes that led to the partial differences of some schools in appearance due to the creative growth and differentiation of Taijiquan(太極拳) itself in terms of theories and practice or some alterations that led to the simpler Taijiquan(太極拳) for the purpose of distribution. Despite the outside differences, however, the changes of each school remained royal to the essential meaning of Taijiquan(太極拳). Thus it's a reasonable argument that each school including not only Laojia(老架), Paochui(포추), Xinjia(新架), and Xiaojia(小架) of Chenjia-taijiquan(陳家太極拳) but also Yangia(楊家), Wujia(吳家), Wujia(武家), and Sunjia(孫架) all belongs to the same Taijiquan(太極拳) in contents.

송이 균환내 토양수분의 시공간적 변화

구창덕 ( Gu Chang Deog ),김재수 ( Kim Jae Su ),이상희 ( Lee Sang Hui ),박재인 ( Park Jae In ),안광태 ( An Gwang Tae ) 한국산림과학회 2003 한국산림과학회지 Vol.92 No.6

Water is critically important for Tricholoma matsutake(Tm) growth because it is the major component of the mushroom by over 90%. The mushroom absorbs water through the below ground hyphal colony. Therefore, the objectives of our study were to investigate spatio-temporal water changes in Tm colonies. This study was carried out at Tm fruiting sites in Sogni Mt National Park, where the below-ground fairy-ring colonies have been irrigated. To identify spatial water status within the Tm soil colony soil moisture and ergosterol content were measured at six positions including a mushroom fruiting position on the line of the colony radius. To investigate temporal soil moisture changes in the soil colony, Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR) sensors were established at the non-colony and colony front edge, and water data were recorded with CRlOX data logger from late August to late October. Before irrigation, whereas it was 12.8% at non-colony, the soil water content within Tm colony was 8.0% at 0-5cm from the colony front edge, 6.2% at 10-15cm and 6.5-7.5% at 20-40cm. And the content was 12.1% at 80cm distance from the colony edge, which is similar to that at the non-colony. In contrast, ergosterol content which is proportional to the live hyphal biomass was only 0.4pg/g fresh soil at the uncolonized soil, while 4.9 ㎍/g fresh soil at the front edge where the hyphae actively grow, and 3.8 .㎍/g fresh soil at the fruiting position, l.l ㎍/g at 20cm distance and 0.4㎍/g in the 40cm rear area. Generally, in the Tm fungal colony the water content changes were reversed to the ergosterol content changes. While the site was watered during August to October, the soil water contents were 13.5-23.0% within the fungal colony, whereas it was 14.5-26.0% at the non-colony. That is, soil water content in the colony was lower by 1.0-3.0% than that in the non-colonized soil. Our results show that Tm colony consumes more soil water than other parts. Especially the front 30cm within the hyphal colony parts is more critical for soil water absorption.

공극 매질체에서 이온강도의 변화에 따른 박테리아의 부ㆍ탈착

이창구 ( Lee Chang-gu ),박성직 ( Park Seong-jik ),김현정 ( Kim Hyon-chong ),한용운 ( Han Yong-un ),김성배 ( Kim Song-bae ) 한국농공학회 2008 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2008 No.-

Column experiments were performed to investigate the influence of ionic strength on the attachment and detachment of Staphylococcus aureus to quartz sand and iron-coated sand. Experimental results showed that the mass recovery in quartz sand decreased with increasing ionic strength and bacteria detachment was occurred when ionic strength was changed. In the coated sand, however, the mass recovery remained constant even though ionic strength was changed. Also, no detachment occurred with ionic strength change.

한ㆍ일 도시가스산업의 생산성 비교분석

최인수(In Su Choi),도범성(Bum Sung Do),박창수(Chang Soo Park),박중구(Jung Gu Park) 한국가스학회 2009 한국가스학회지 Vol.13 No.2

본고는 21세기 들어 고유가와 기후변화협약에 대응하여 중요성이 더해지고 있는 한국과 일본의 도시가스기업의 생산성을 분석하였다. 맘퀴스트 생산성 지수(Malmquist Productivity Index: MPI)를 통해 1997년부터 2005년까지 한국 30개, 일본 5개 기업들의 재무제표를 활용하여 기간 전체로, 그리고 수요의 구조변화를 나타내었던 2000년을 기준으로 이전과 이후의 생산성을 평가하였다. 분석의 결과, 첫째, 1996년~2005년 전체 기간의 MPI 누적지수에서 한국의 도시가스산업이 일본보다 상위에 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나 기간별로 본 MPI 개선효과는 일본의 경우 1997~2000년 동안 -1.03%에서 2001~2005년 동안에는 -1.72%로 근소한 차이를 나타낸 반면, 한국의 경우에는 전반기 0.37%(금융외환위기를 경험한 98년 제외시 0.80%)이었지만 후반기에 -0.60%로 악화된 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 후반기 한국의 MPI 악화는 기술적 효율성 지수보다는 기술변화 지수가 전반기 -0.88%(98년 제외시 0.29%)에서 후반기 -1.29%로 크게 악화된 것에 기인하는 것으로 분석되었다. 이에 따라 한국의 도시가스사업은 2001년 이후 악화되고 있는 생산성 증가율과 악화의 요인이 되고 있는 기술변화를 개선하는 정책적 노력이 필요하다. This article makes a comparative analysis on the productivity in gas distribution industry between Korea and Japan, using Malmquist productivity index(MPI). The estimated MPI during 1997~2005 shows that the productivity of Korean gas distribution industry has been generally higher than that of Japanese gas distribution industry. But Korean MPI made a drastic change from positive improvement (+ 0.37) during 1997~2000 to severe deterioration (-0.60) during 2001~2005, while Japan MPI has seldom changed. This change of Korean MPI is analyzed to result from the worsening of technical change rather than technical efficiency change. According to this result, Korean gas distribution industry needs to improve the technical change.

중부지역 옥수수 파종기에 따른 생육단계 및 수량성 변화

서종호, 문중경, 정건호, 서민정, 구자환, 박장환, 배환희, 신성휴, 권영업 忠北大學校 農業科學硏究所 2014 農業科學硏究 Vol.30 No.2

Maize hybrids were planted on April 1, April 25, May 20 and June 15 in 2012, 2013 at the experimental paddy and upland fields in Suwon city , respectively to know changes of growth stage and yield according to different planting time. Maize planting on April 1 was not recommended because total growing days at planting on April 1 was not different with that at planting on April 25 due to many days from planting to emergence over 20 days at planting on April 1. Total growing days were not much different among three planting time after April 25 because days from silking to maturity was lengthened though days from planting to silking was shortened at later planting time. Stalk weight was decreased as planting time was delayed, particularly at planting times after May 20 at paddy field by excess water injury during early growth stage. But, grain yield was not low as in May and June. It is needed to introduce early maturity maize variety as Yanganok at late planting for higher grain yield and enough time for soil preparation for next winter crops

舞臺裝置의 史的考察

李昌九 청주대학교 연극영화학과 1987 연극영화학보 Vol.1 No.-

The basic repertory of Greek architectecture was in creased in one respect only, the openair theater achierd a regular, defined shape. Before the fourth century, the auditorium had simply been a naturl slope, preferably curved, equipped with stone benches, now the hillside was provided with concentric rows of seats, and with staircase-aisles at regular intervals, as at Epidaurus. At the center is the orchestra, where most of the action took placce. At the extreme right we see the remains of a bll-like building that formed the backdrop and suporthe scenery. In terms of the stage setting, the Roman was similar to the Greek except that the Roman stage setting was more complicated brilliant. I studied the literature on the drama, the changes of stage setting and the effect of stage setting on the drama from ancient times to the 20th century and I came to the conclusions as follows. Stage setting changes in accordance with the chages of the feature of each period. In ancient times, they had religeous D-rama, in middle ages drama for entertainment in a pantomime, and in the 20th century they had modern drama with have various froms of expression. Stage setting has been in fluenced by the tides of art such as romanticism in the days of Renaissance, realism in the 19th century, surrealism and realism and symbolism in the 20th century. Stage setting has close relationship with the shape of stage, In ancient times stage setting had close relose rleationship with the circle stage and the semecircle stage iri the field, the moving stage in middle ages and the modern shape of theater in modern times. Architects and painting artiets have contributed to the atage setting the architects in the days of Renaissance, the paintists in the 19th century and the painting artists, sculptors and architects in the 19th century have contributed muck to stage setting. Stage setting has been influenced by the development of stage engineering. The 19th century gave to the stage the realistic play and its fourth wall. The 20th century provided settings and lights. that were far more beautiful and expressive than anything the theater had known before. The new stagecraft made over the production methods of the theater of the civilized world. Also, it enabled plays to be written in new ways. It made the realistic drama more illusive, but it also helped the writer to develop a very different technique.

現代 演出家論 : 20世紀 初를 中心으로 Concentrating on the Early 20th Century

李昌九 淸州大學校 1984 論文集 Vol.17 No.2

That the art of a century never begins neatly at 1700 or 1800 or 1900 The twentieth-century theater was no exception. One of its two dominant developments-realism in play and production was rooted in the late 1880 s. The other-the so-called "new stage craft," which can serve both the realistic and the imaginative play won attention about 1905. There were realistic playwrights before there was a realistic theater, before there was acting that could give the plays their full life, and before there was an audience ready to receive them. Only the most stubborn and courageous of new playwrights were likely the embrace realism without the encouragement of a director who wanted to produce their plays and knew how to do it properly, The writers needed and interested audience that wanted to see such play, It might be a small audience, but had to be a sympathetic one. 1. Andre Antoine supplied all this through the The´a^tre-libre. His Free Theater was a unique venture. It set a pattern that many more have followed in Germany, Russia, England, and America. He opened the way for a new drama and a new style of acting. 2. By what came to be called "the Stanislavsky method" into a matchless ensemble. The purpose, as we have been so frequently told, was not to achieve the surface aspects of naturalism, but to capture and convey what Stanislaysky described as "the inner truth, the truth of feeling and exparience." 3. Craig recognized that the theater is a synthesis of many arts and many skills. It is not merely the play or acting, scenery, lights, music movement, or dance. The theater, he felt, was all or many of these things. From this thought, he moved on to the ideal conception that one man and one man alone must create all these things. 4. Max Reinhardt, this revoluntionary not only freed the world-theater from nineteenth-century thraldom, and made it over in the challenge of Craig as far as it could be met. He combined the widest possible range of theater talents. 5. Appia recognized that three-dimensional construction could not solve by itself the obvious conflict between a living actor and a dead setting, Appia saw that they must be united and dramatized by light. Appia asked for "living light." He wanted the lighting on the stage on change with the passage of time; or to change in a way that threw the action of the play into sharper relief. "The mise-en-scene" he wrote, "is a picture composed in time." 6. The greatest force in the French theatre of the twentieth century was Jacques Copeau, His remarkable playhouse, the Theatre du Vieux-Colombier, was the first to throw out the "fourth wall". The Vieux-Colombier was the first of many later attempts to break away from the theater of illusion dominated by the proscenium arch It presented frankly to its audience the first "formal" stage. 7. Meyer hold, the dominant director outside the Moscow Art Theater, began as one of its actors. He ended as a tragic sacrifice to communist policy toward the stage Meyer hold stood for "the theater theatrical." He would have no "fourth wall" He wanted the audience to be eternally conscious that they were in a theater. To that end, he abolished the curtain, lefe auditorium lights blazing. Let the playgcers see the naked brick wall of the stage. The nineteenth century gave to the stage the realistic play and its fourth wall. The twentieth century provided setlings and lights that were far more beautiful and expressive than anything the theater had known before The new stagecraft-as this methods of the theater of the civilized world. Also, it enabled plays to be written in new ways, It made the realistic drama more illusive, but it also helped the writer to develop a very different technique.

蒐集種 나물용콩 品種의 主要 特性 硏究 Ⅲ. 下胚軸 伸長性과 主要 形質과의 關係

Kyoeng Gu Choi(崔京求),Sheong Chun Lee(李成春),Hong Il Sheo(徐洪日),Young Nam Chang(張永男) 한국육종학회 1992 한국육종학회지 Vol.24 No.2

These experiments were conducted to investigate the variability of hypocotyl elongation, and relationship between the hypocotyl length and major chracteristics of collected native sprout soybean. The results obtained are summarized as follows; It follows that it may be reasonable to evaluate the hypocotyl elongation of soybean seeds by comparison of hypocotyl length. And the tested 133 collected native sprout soybean cultivars could be classified as follows. Long; Changsu 1, Wanju 2, Chungeub 1, Buan 4, Gimje 1, Jinan 3. Gurye 1, Sunchon 4, Short; Chonju 7, Chungeub 1, Buan 1, Gurve 3, Jindo 1, Seungju 1, Medium; other 102 cultivars. The rate of hypocotyl elongation was the highest during the hour from 72 to 84 after seeding in paper towel. The large seed produced seedling with longer hypocotyl than did medium and small seed. Hypocotyl elongation by comparison the seed coat color could be classified as follow. Long; emerald green, yellow, naple yellow. Short; amber, moss green, cocoa. Medium; black, cream. As the storage period was long, the hypocotyl length under normal temperature was apparently shortened, but that of seed in refrigerator was not changed.

해외진출전략으로서의 M&A에 관한 연구

김규창,홍성헌 효성여자대학교 산업경영연구소 1998 경영경제 Vol.16 No.-

Now in our country a continuous expansion of foreign investment limit according to the progress of capital liberalization, an opening of financial market and an acquisition of overseas investment line of some industries which entered the full growth stage etc., M&A activities between domestic enterprises, and domestic-overseas enterprises are expected to be more activated. According to an interest of M&A is greatly increasing as a part of the new economical strategy to meet actively the change of lawful and systematic circumstances and the economic environmental change according to the relaxation of the restriction and to achieve the continuous industrial development. Furthermore, an assumption that M&A activities will be activated, a changement of recognition of all society for an effective fixing and development of M&A activities, a political support for the M&A from the government, and a correct understanding of the enterprises are needed, but it is desirable to study the lawful restriction related with M&A and improvement direction of the system.

商圈의 開發戰略과 發展方向에 관한 硏究 : 大邱地域 小賣商圈을 中心으로

金圭昌 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1996 연구논문집 Vol.53 No.1

1. The trading area in market means the extent or target area that the commercial power can reach to draw in their customers and also means the area where the most of the customers live. The extent also can be expressed by not only the concept of distance but also the concept of time. The trading area is created by the flow of trade and can be changed according, to the current of time as well as the artificial facts. Especially, the trade area in Korea is apt to be changed by current of time. Recently, there was the greater change of the trade area in Taegu City. Taegu City is a traditional City that management function, Commerce, business, ditribution and leisure facilities are centralized to a certain area. We can say that it is natural phenomenon that the trading area is decentralized according to, the progress of the down-town area : eastern(Ansim), western(Dalseo), northern(Chilgok) and is carrying out the downtown-planning for the years of 2000's. Taegu City estimates 3 millions of population, 1.9 million of residents, 638 thousands of cars in the year of 2000's and the subway line 1,2,3 as basic line are now under construction. 2. The internationalization, globalization and open-door policy are making rapid progress. According the complete opening of distrubtion market after 1996. Advanced foreign distribution industries will wxtend their business to the commercial sphere in Taegu City. Present Taegu City is so much centralized to downtown that it is corwded with many customers. The heavy traffic and the lack of parking lot in downtown causes citizen to feel inconvenient city life and hamstring the city function and image. Taegu City expected to develop the trading area in the outside of the city. 3. Jungang-tong and Dongsung-ro, the center of downtown, are losing their trading area due to the traffic jam caused by the construction of the subway line 1. Instend of it, new trading area were made in the large-sized apartment areas. The joint researches by the academic and business circles about the change of retail-trading area were made in the large-sized apartment areas. The joint researches by the academic and business circles about the change of retail-trading area according to the opening of subway line 1 should be continued.