Effects of one or two applications of all-in-one adhesive on microtensile bond strength to unground enamel

Son, Chang-Yong,Kim, Hyeon-Cheol,Jur, Bock,Park, Jeong-Kil 대한치과보존학회 2006 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.31 No.6

이 연구에서는 미세인장결합강도 실험과 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 unground enamel에 대한 all-in-one adhesive의 1회 또는 2회 적용에 따른 효과를 평가하였다. 발거된 하악 대구치의 설측 치관부를 사용하여 3개씩 5개의 군으로 분류하였다. SE군은 Clearfil™ SE Bond를 적용하였다. LP1 군, LP2 군은 Adper Prompt L-Pop™을 각각 1회 , 2회 적용하였다. XN1 군, XN2 군은 Xeno^(®) Ⅲ를 각각 )회, 2회 적용하였다. 그런 다음 복합 레진 Z100을 적층 충전하였다. 법랑질 표면의 접착제를 아세톤으로 제거하고 주사 전자 현미경을 이용하여 산 부식 양상을 관찰하였다. 미세인장결합강도 측정을 위해 표본을 절단하여 레진과 치아의 접착 계면이 1 ㎟이 되도록 하여 실험하였다. 실험의 결과는 One-way ANOVA를 사용해 분석한 다음 Duncan's post-hoc test로 사후 검정 하였다. 본 연구의결과 a11-in-one adhesive의 1회와 2회 적용간에는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았으며 two-step self-etching adhesive와 a11-in-one adhesive의 산 부식 양상 모두 얕고 불규칙 하였다. The purposes of this study were to compare the effects of one or two applications of all-in-ne adhesives on microtensile bond strengths (TBS) to unground enamel and to investigate the morphological changes in enamel surfaces treated with these adhesives using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Twenty-five noncarious, unrestored human mandibular molars were used. The unground enamel surfaces were cleansed with pumice. The following adhesives were applied to lingual, mid-coronal surfaces according to manufacture's directions; Clearfil SE bond in SE group, Adper Prompt L-Pop™1 coat in LP1 group, 2 coats in LP2 group, Xeno^(®) Ⅲ1 coat in XN1 group, and 2 coats in XN2 group. After application of the adhesives, a hybrid light-activated resin composite was built up on the unground enamel. Each tooth was sectioned to make a cross-sectional area of approximately 1.0 ㎟ for each stick. The microtensile bond strength was determined. Each specimen was observed under SEM to examine the morphological changes. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows; 1. The microtensile bond strength values were; SE (19.77 ± 2.44 MPa), LP1 (13.88 ± 3.67 MPa), LP2 (14.50 ± 2.52 MPa), XN1 (14.42 ± 2.51 MPa) and XN2 (15.28 ±2.79 MPa). SE was significantly higher than the other groups in bond strength (p < 0.05). All groups except SE were not significantly different in bond strength (p < 0.05). 2. All groups were characterized as shallow and irregular etching patterns.

단치소요산(丹梔逍遙散) 약침(藥鍼)의 소염(消炎), 진통(鎭痛) 및 해열(解熱) 효과(效果)에 대한 실험적(實驗的) 연구(硏究)

이창훈 ( Chang-hoon Lee ),장준복 ( Jun-bock Jang ),이경섭 ( Kyung-sub Lee ),송병기 ( Byoung-key Song ) 대한한방부인과학회 2001 大韓韓方婦人科學會誌 Vol.14 No.3

Objective - Experimental trials on Danchisoyo-San solution were made before. This trial is to examine the effects of Danchisoyo-San Aqua-acupuncture as an analgesic, antiphlogistic and antifebrile. Methods - Danchisoyo-San was, through evaporation, made into extract. The extract concentration was 210mg/kg, calculated in terms of raw material, and diluted with saline solution when necessary. Extract was injected into Gi-Mun, LR14. This trial involved for groups: a control group injected with saline solution, Sample-A group and Sample-B group with extract of 105mg/kg and 210mg/kg concentration, respectively, and the fourth group with comparative treatment. The effects as an analgesic, antiphlogistic and antifebrile were examined. Conclusion 1) In acute edema, the Danchisoyo-San Aqua-acupuncture groups showed reliable results in inhibiting Carrageenin-caused edema. 2) In histamine-caused vascular permeability increase, only the group of Danchisoyo-San extract of 210mg/kg showed reliable results in inhibiting the increase. 3) Analgesic effects of Danchisoyo-San Aqua-acupuncture, through writhing syndrome induced acetic acid and Hat Plate Analgesia Meter, proved to be reliable both in Sample-A and Sanple-B group and the effects especially through writhing syndrome induced acetic acid , proved to be more reliable in the latter group than in the former 4) Regarding the effects of Pentobarbital-Na on lengthening of sleeping hours and voluntary mobility, only the Danchisoyo-San Aqua-acupuncture groups showed reliable changes. 5) In body temperature, both Sample-A and Sample-B group showed no reliable change.

사진측정(寫眞測定)에 의한 백제석탑(百濟石塔)의 조형미(造形美)에 관한 연구(硏究)

유복모,강인준,정창식,송인성,Yeu, Bock Mo,Kang, In Joon,Jong, Chang Sik,Song, In Seong 대한토목학회 1985 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.5 No.1

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 현존(現存)하는 백제시대(百濟時代)의 두 석탑(石塔)인 미륵사지(彌勒寺址) 석탑(石塔)과 정림사지(定林寺址) 오층석탑(五層石塔)의 조형(造形)에 관한 기하학적(幾何學的) 해석(解析)이다. 두 석탑(石塔)을 지상측정용(地上測定用) Camera P31과 정밀입체도화(情密立體圖化)에 A-10을 이용하여 현존(現存) 복발(覆鉢)부분까지 남아있는 정림사지(定林寺址) 오층석탑(五層石塔)과 손상부분이 많은 미륵사지(彌勒寺址) 석탑(石塔)을 비교고찰(比較考察)한 결과 같은 조형원리(造形原理) 즉, 기준면(基準面)(module)으로부터 정삼각형을 작도하고 그 정삼각형의 정점(頂點) 윗부분에 있는 옥개석폭(屋蓋石幅)의 비(比)가 9 : 8 : 7 : 6 : (5)로 체감(遞減)되어 나가는 것을 알 수 있었고, 손상되기전의 복발(覆鉢)부분까지의 높이를 추정(推定)할 수 있었다. This paper is a study on a analysis of geometrical composition about two Back-Jae stone pagodas-stone pagoda at the site of Mir$\bar{u}$k-Sa Temple in Iksan and five storied stone pagoda at the site of Ch$\check{o}$ngrim-Sa Temple in Puy$\check{o}$, existing stone pagodas which Were built in Back-Jae Dynasty. By using P31 terrestrial metric camera and A-10 for precision stereo plot, Ch$\check{o}$ngrim-Sa stone pagoda which has Bock-bal and Mir$\bar{u}$k-Sa stone pagoda which has many broken area are analyzed comparatively. From this result same geometric composition principle; orthotrigon is drawn in respect to module and the length ratio of the widths of Okgesuks which exist at the end-point of the orthotrigon, is found to be decrease as 9 : 8 : 7 : 6 : (5) also the height up to Bock-bal before broken, is able to estimate.

ATM망에서의 음성처리를 위한 AAL 계층 연구

金長福 弘益大學校 科學技術硏究所 2001 科學技術硏究論文集 Vol.12 No.-

In this paper, ATM adaptation Layers have been studied and compared on the point of voice processing. And AAL2 is proposed for voice-networking with multimedia data. AAL2 system provides for the bandwidth efficient transmission of low bit rate, short and variable packets in delay sensitive application. The service object for these networks ranges from POTS to multimedia conference. This paper presents one possible architecture of CPS for new AAL2 and a hardware architecture of AAL2 switch. The proposed architecture is faithful to the standardization of ITU-T and ATM-forum recommendation. The proposed architecture of CPS applies to variable packet length from arbitrary CODECs for cellular network. It's maximum process capability is 155 Mbps with 256 CIDs. The architecture has sync./async. interface to application block and UTOPIA interface is used for physical layer interface. And AAL2 switch can assign and configure maximum AAL2 CID limit. The architecture assumes 155 Mbps STM-1/STS-3c physical interface, maximum VCC can be 64K connections. For efficient use of peripheral memory, a concept of segment address was proposed. The proposed AAL2 switch hardware architecture can be used in ATM network as a standalone server or embedded module in a ATM switching

ATM망에서의 VBR MPEG 비디오의 우선 순위기법을 통한 트래픽 제어에 관한 연구

김장복,송재연 弘益大學校 科學技術硏究所 1998 科學技術硏究論文集 Vol.9 No.2

In ATM network, VBR video is essential of multimedia services. Thus, it is very important to allocate bandwidth efficiently, using the characteristics of video streams. In this paper, frame sequences is parted according to the impact of cell loss, made 2 layer data - high priority I picture, low priority B, P picture. And it is proposed allocation schemes of those streams. As a results, the cell loss impacts is reduced, by no losses of I pictures. Real-time allocation of FSP using measument period will be a further study.

電力 스펙트럼 減算方式을 이용한 音聲의 音質向上

金長福,元庭淵 弘益大學校 1986 弘大論叢 Vol.18 No.2

In this paper, a speech enhancement system, which improves intelligibility of noisy speech by using power spectrum subtraction method, is discussed. Degraded speech, added by acoustic noise for background noise, processed using microcomputer which interfaced to PCM system. All algorithms were programed as an assembly language that improved the speed. As the result of the wide-band random noise was added, when the S/N ratio of the unprocessed speech was very low, then the intelligibility of the processed speech was not improved. However, processed speech sound distinctly "less noisy" and "higher quality" at relatively high S/N ratios.

Sequency 필터에 관한 연구

金長福,金賢基 弘益大學校 1984 弘大論叢 Vol.16 No.2

In this study the Oscillator which is applied to Walsh Function is designed using the characteristics of Walsh Function. Also it is proved from the combination of the outputs of Walsh Function Generator that the trigger pulse which is necessary in resonant filter can be obtained. In the experiment it is resulted that the distortion of bandpass filter is not almost generated in contrast with general sequency resonant filter.

한글 숫자음성의 ZCR에 대한 연구

金長福 弘益大學校 1981 弘大論叢 Vol.13 No.-

In this paper, the relation between the ZCR Theory of Statistics and the result of experiments are studied. The method of recognizing korean spoken digits was by using zero crossing rates and energy levels. In the experiments for recognition of the digits, the speech signals are filtered by a LPF and processed by analog circuits. The results were in agreement with statistical ZCR Theory. Therefore it seems valuable for practical use. Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 영점교차 밀도와 전력스펙트럼 Ⅲ. 염점교차 검출기 및 실험 Ⅳ. 실험결과 및 고찰 Ⅴ. 결 론 In this paper, the relation between the ZCR Theory of Statistics and the result of experiments are studied. The method of recognizing korean spoken digits was by using zero crossing rates and energy levels. In the experiments for recognition of the digits, the speech signals are filtered by a LPF and processed by analog circuits. The results were in agreement with statistical ZCR Theory. Therefore it seems valuable for practical use.

열풍장치의 안전도에 관한 검토

강창수,송지복 慶北大學校 1970 論文集 Vol.14 No.-

This paper is analytical examination result about safety of hot air furnace and its accompanying installations which are installed at industrial buildings in the city, for winter air conditioning. Most of the furnace has so low efficiency that it requires high rate in fuel consumption and maintenance expense. Moreover, not only its life is shortening because they did not get anticorrorsion treatment, but also they did not devise a proper measure for prevention of disaster. So, we got the following resultant: For furnace body itself, it should be made of antithermal and anticorrosion metals, or be treated with an anticrrosion treatment and the using fuel should be treated with an anticorrosive. For sanitary condition, hot air aparatus should be equipped with the fresh air intake duct, air cleaner and humidifier. For prevention of a fire, the fire damper should be attached to the outtake duct entrance, guide vane to the corner of hot air duct and hot air duct itself should be made of heat proofing materials.

웨이브릿변환을 이용한 영상의 부호화효율에 관한 연구

김장복,송재연 弘益大學校 科學技術硏究所 1997 科學技術硏究論文集 Vol.8 No.-

In digital image processing, compression is important for bandwidth reduction, storage problem. In case of very low bit rate, we need a more efficient compression method, without blocking effect in DCT. Wavelet transform is better to represent image in both time domain and frequency domain than STFT. We simulated to reduce isolated wavelets coefficients using nonlinear filter, weighted median filter. Finally we got the better efficient compression result. In addition, it is good to HVS(human visual system).