Word final and intervocalic glottalised /t/ replacement in Estuary English: Variety of Essex

Camilo André,s B. Carvajal 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2016 언어연구 Vol.33 No.2

Carvajal, Camilo Andrés B. 2016. Word final and intervocalic glottalised /t/ replacement in Estuary English: Variety of Essex. Linguistic Research 33(2), 193-204. The realisation of /t/ as a glottal stop [ʔ] is a phenomenon described as occurring in word medial or final position (Docherty, 2010; Fabricius, 2002; Przedlacka, 2002; Roach, 1973). In English, sociolinguistic studies and phonological corpora (Schleef, 2013; Tagliamonte & Temple, 2005) have tried to frame and predict the context of glottal stops, since it is perceived as a phenomenon of change which is an index of membership to the Cockney or Estuary English, different from the variety of London. We explored a set of tokens containing glottalisation of the alveolar stop segment /t/ from a recorded corpus of naturally occurring data (British reality TV show The Only Way is Essex) in order to predict instances of glottal replacement. Main findings suggest that both onset or coda position are insufficient variables to determine the occurrence of [ʔ], but stress does allow a better calculation for contexts of glottalisation replacement. The present analysis expands prior findings in the literature by involving syllabic boundaries and stress to determine the maintenance of the alveolar feature in all studied samples, as well as to support former predictions that glottalised /t/ emerges in syllable final or intervocalic contexts relying on pure articulatory grounds. (University of Delaware)

Clustering Patterns in the Manufacturing Sectors of Japan

Carvajal, Carlos A.,Watanabe, Chihiro The Korean Society for Technology Manageme and Eco 2004 Journal of Technology Innovation Vol.12 No.2

Japan's economic clusters are characterized by their high level of diversity. In essence, Japanese economic clusters are not limited to single industries; they comprise numerous manufacturing industries and firms which cluster in specific heterogeneous economic zones, vice political boundaries. Japanese manufacturing sectors are showing an increased level of diversity, resulting in the spread of experience and knowledge among clusters, and sustained growth at the point of industrial structural transformation. Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) proposed the creation of intellectual clusters for the purpose of promoting research and development(R&D) activities resulting in the stimulation and development of new technologies. The Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry (METI) is also proposing the industrial cluster plan with the aim to promote the local rebirth and revitalization of the Japanese industrial sector. This paper proposes a methodological analysis which will result in the integration of the two policies currently implemented by the Japanese government. If the current policies are not coordinated and integrated, artificial firms and sectors will continue to hamper innovation and discourage competitiveness, which will ultimately result in Japan's loss of economic opportunities within Asia. In the worst case, failure to act on current economic deficiencies illuminated in this paper could cost Japan its position as an Asian economic leader.

Clustering Patterns in the Manufacturing Sectors of Japan

( Carlos A. Carvajal ),( Chihiro Watanabe ) 기술경영경제학회 2004 Journal of Technology Innovation Vol.12 No.2

Japan`s economic clusters are characterized by their high level of diversity. In essence, Japanese economic clusters are not limited to single industries; they comprise numerous manufacturing industries and firms which cluster in specific heterogeneous economic zones, vice political boundaries. Japanese manufacturing sectors are showing an increased level of diversity, resulting in the spread of experience and knowledge among clusters, and sustained growth at the point of industrial structural transformation. Japan`s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) proposed the creation of intellectual clusters for the purpose of promoting research and development (R&D) activities resulting in the stimulation and development of new technologies. The Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry (METI) is also proposing the industrial cluster plan with the aim to promote the local rebirth and revitalization of the Japanese industrial sector. This paper proposes a methodological analysis which will result in the integration of the two policies currently implemented by the Japanese government. If the current policies are not coordinated and integrated, artificial firms and sectors will continue to hamper innovation and discourage competitiveness, which will ultimately result in Japan`s loss of economic opportunities within Asia. In the worst case, failure to act on current economic deficiencies illuminated in this paper could cost Japan its position as an Asian economic leader.

Murcia Hospital

Gador DE CARVAJAL 한국색채학회 2015 International Invitation Exhibition of Color Works Vol.2015 No.-

The Unofficial Economy and the Business Cycle: A Test for Theories

Catalina Granda-Carvajal 한국국제경제학회 2010 International Economic Journal Vol.24 No.4

The shadow economy is an extensive phenomenon worldwide. It poses several questions, the consequences of fluctuations in economic activity being among the major ones. Based on official data, this paper establishes a set of cyclical properties of macroeconomic aggregates and studies how these vary across countries with the size of the unofficial sector. Through comparisons with the existing literature on business cycles in economies featuring underground activities, the obtained 'stylized facts' are used to test the relevance of theoretical predictions on the influence of the shadow economy. Using this procedure allows us to confirm that the evidence is not entirely of the sort suggested in business cycle models. In particular, some important macro aggregates and cyclical properties have been neglected in the analysis altogether, while others have been paid too much attention for no apparent empirical reason. Some possible avenues for future research can be drawn from this exercise.

Word final and intervocalic glottalised /t/ replacement in Estuary English: Variety of Essex

( Camilo Andres B. Carvajal ) 경희대학교 언어연구소 2016 언어연구 Vol.33 No.2

The realisation of /t/ as a glottal stop [?] is a phenomenon described as occurring in word medial or final position (Docherty, 2010; Fabricius, 2002; Przedlacka, 2002; Roach, 1973). In English, sociolinguistic studies and phonological corpora (Schleef, 2013; Tagliamonte & Temple, 2005) have tried to frame and predict the context of glottal stops, since it is perceived as a phenomenon of change which is an index of membership to the Cockney or Estuary English, different from the variety of London. We explored a set of tokens containing glottalisation of the alveolar stop segment /t/ from a recorded corpus of naturally occurring data (British reality TV show The Only Way is Essex) in order to predict instances of glottal replacement. Main findings suggest that both onset or coda position are insufficient variables to determine the occurrence of [?], but stress does allow a better calculation for contexts of glottalisation replacement. The present analysis expands prior findings in the literature by involving syllabic boundaries and stress to determine the maintenance of the alveolar feature in all studied samples, as well as to support former predictions that glottalised /t/ emerges in syllable final or intervocalic contexts relying on pure articulatory grounds. (University of Delaware)

DOES BRAND ORIGIN MATTER? AN ANALYSIS OF LOW-INVOLVEMENT DEVELOPING MARKET BRANDS INTERNATIONALIZING INTO A DEVELOPED MARKET

Albena Björck,Michelle Carvajal Ramirez 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2020 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2020 No.11

Managers in an attempt to provide their companies a greater growth opportunities are taking their products and brands to an international level (Ghantous, Iii, 2008). When internationalizing, the product’s quality, reputation and other characteristics can be determined by its origins, as consumers tend to hold stereotyped images of products made in different countries. Hence, the country of origin (COO) constitutes an important extrinsic cue that consumers use to evaluate foreign products which they are not familiar with it (Okechuku, 1994; WTO, 2018). The COO impacts directly consumers’ evaluation process and indirectly consumers’ purchase process (Saran, Gupta, 2012). This phenomenon was first studied by Schooler (1965), and it is said to be "one of the widest research concepts in all the international business, consumer behavior, and marketing literature" combined (Pharr, 2005).

A Method to Estimate Occupational Health and Safety Costs in Construction Projects

Eugenio Pellicer,Gloria I. Carvajal,M. Carmen Rubio,Joaquín Catalá 대한토목학회 2014 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.18 No.7

This paper presents the results of a research project carried out in Spain that aims to develop a method that let employers to assess, during the design phase, the occupational health and safety costs of a specific construction project. This method classifies costs in four categories: insurance costs, prevention costs, accident costs, and recovery of costs. Labor accident data were obtained from 1990 to 2007 for the entire Spanish construction industry, and these data were subsequently homogenized and exploited. A mathematical model was created for computing each cost category. This method allows employers and project managers to estimate aprioristically the cost incurred as a result of occupational health and safety during the project, based on tangible values such as the construction project budget or the work schedule, as well as statistical data. An application to this method in a case study illustrated that the occupational health and safety costs for that construction project came to approximately 5% of the total cost of the budget.

Characterization and Functional Properties of an Oat Gum Extracted from a Drought Harvested Oat (Avena sativa)

Naivi Ramos-Chavira,Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan,Agustin Rascon-Chu,Jorge Marquez-Escalante,Victor Santana-Rodriguez,Juan Salmeron-Zamora 한국식품과학회 2009 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.18 No.4

An oat gum was extracted from whole seeds of a drought harvested oat (Avena sativa). Oat gum presented a β-glucan content of 65%(w/w) and an intrinsic viscosity of 141 ㎖/g. Gelling capability of oat gum at different concentrations was investigated. Gel hardness increased from 0.08 to 0.25 N as the oat gum concentration changed from 5 to 10%(w/v). Whippability, foam stability, emulsion stability, and reduced viscosity of oat gum at different pH were also investigated. Oat gum whippability was maximum at pH 7 (146%), while the higher foam and emulsion stability values were found at pH 9 (88 and 96%, respectively). The gum reduced viscosity increased from 715 to 958 ㎖/g as the pH changed from 7 to 9. Oat gum shows great potential as a gel forming, thickening, and stabilizing agent.

Enzymatic cross-linking of ferulated arabinoxylan: effect of laccase or peroxidase catalysis on the gel characteristics

Ana L. Martı´nez-Lo´pez,Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan,Jorge Marquez-Escalante,Alma C. Campa-Mada,Agustı´n Rasco´n-Chu,Yolanda L. Lo´pez-Franco,Jaime Lizardi-Mendoza 한국식품과학회 2019 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.28 No.2

Arabinoxylans (AX) gels at 4% (w/v) wereprepared using laccase (LAX gels) or peroxidase (PAXgels), and their cross-linking, rheological, structural, andspectroscopic characteristics were investigated. LAX gelspresented lower amount of 5,50-diferulic acid (11%),smaller mesh size (128 nm), and higher hardness (37 N)and elasticity (430 Pa) than the PAX gels (28%, 197 nm,7 N, and 120 Pa, respectively). Microscopy of the LAXgels showed linked strands, while the system was lessconnected in the PAX gels. The Raman band at 2895 cm-1of the LAX and PAX gels was less intense, indicatingenhanced hydrogen bonding compared to that of AX. Thisdecrease was less dramatic for the PAX gels. The greatercontent of 5,50-diferulic acid in PAX gels could favorintrachain bonds, affecting their rheological, structural, andspectroscopic characteristics. Laccase may be a betteroption than peroxidase for AX gelation intended for foodand biotechnological applications.