A New Classification for Hemorrhoidal Disease: The Creation of the “BPRST” Staging and Its Application in Clinical Practice

Carlos Walter Sobrado Júnior,Carlos de Almeida Obregon,Afonso Henrique da Silva e Sousa Júnior,Lucas Faraco Sobrado,Sérgio Carlos Nahas,Ivan Cecconello 대한대장항문학회 2020 Annals of Coloproctolgy Vol.36 No.4

Purpose: Present an updated classification for symptomatic hemorrhoids, which not only guides the treatment of internal hemorrhoids but also the treatment of external components. In addition, this new classification includes new treatment alternatives created over the last few years. Methods: Throughout the past 7 years, the authors developed a method to classify patients with symptomatic hemorrhoids. This study, besides presenting this classification proposal, also retrospectively analyzed 149 consecutive patients treated between March 2011 and November 2013 and aimed to evaluate the association between the management adopted with Goligher classification and our proposed BPRST classification. Results: Both classifications had a statistically significant association with the adopted management strategies. However, the BPRST classification tended to have fewer management discrepancies when each stage of disease was individually analyzed. Conclusion: Although there is much disagreement about how the classification of hemorrhoidal disease should be updated, it is accepted that some kind of revision is needed. The BPRST method showed a strong association with the management that should be adopted for each stage of the disease. Further studies are needed for its validation, but the current results are encouraging.

Causas e implicaciones del fin a la multipropiedad en el fútbol mexicano

Carlos Alfonso Macías Valadez Elias 한국외국어대학교 중남미연구소 2015 중남미연구 Vol.34 No.2

The soccer multi-ownership exists when the same person or company owns two or more football clubs at the same time in a professional league. This practice has been considered by FIFA, and conditioned according to its statutes, to protect the integrity of this sport, due to the fact that if two soccer teams are playing in the same competition and both of them are owned by the same individual, this could have an adverse effect on the truthfulness of the competition. Under this consideration, or even in spite of that, the soccer multi-ownership has existed in Mexico since 1982. Surprisingly, in May 2013, the Mexican Football Federation, after 31 years, announced the gradual abolition of this practice. The causes of this measure were not completely clarified, and presumably are not related to a FIFA’s direct command or pressure, but to an internal struggle of interests among the Mexican soccer team owners. Particularly, it is believed that Grupo Televisa and Grupo Salinas, which are the conglomerates that apparently are in control of the professional soccer in Mexico, are behind that decision taken by the Mexican Football Federation. Throughout this analysis, based on a professional academic methodology aimed to find objective causalities among the facts occurred around the issue, the causes of the ban of the soccer multi-ownership in Mexico shall be examined.

Causas e implicaciones del fin a la multipropiedad en el fútbol mexicano

Carlos Alfonso Macias Valadez 한국외국어대학교 외국종합연구센터 중남미연구소 2015 중남미연구 Vol.34 No.2

Revitalizing Philippine Theater: A Framework for Theater as Creative Entrepreneurship

Gian Carlo U. de Jesus(Gian Carlo U. de Jesus ),Ana Katrina P. de Jesus(Ana Katrina P. de Jesus ) 아시아무역학회 2023 Journal of Asia Trade and Business Vol.10 No.1

Purpose – Despite the rich culture of the Philippines, the country has not been able to create products, services, and experiences that sustainably cater to domestic and international markets. Instead of harnessing its creative force to drive economic growth, it remains a creative labor supplier. The country is envisioned to become “a major creative hub in the Asia-Pacific, with strong and thriving creative industries” (British Council, 2017). Performing arts, including theater, is a key creative industries sector. However, theater is beset with precarity and instability (Santiago, 2021). This study sought to analyze the challenges and opportunities for revitalizing theater as an industry. Design/Methodology/Approach – In this investigation, a critical review was employed. This methodology not only describes the phenomena, but also formulates a re-conceptualization based on an integrative review of old and current models. A comparative analysis of creative economy models was made between Philippine theater and theaters internationally. Findings – Philippine theater is not fully utilizing its economic potential because current models involve high production costs, need for highly specialized creative labor, and lack of enabling policies. Among the four creative economy models (Potts and Cunningham, 2010), Philippine theater may benefit from Model 3, the Innovation Model, which may evolve into Model 4. Mapping representative theater companies and genres across the models provides insights into directions for theater innovations. A conceptual framework for innovating Philippine theater through Creative Entrepreneurship is forwarded. Research Implications – The framework yields valuable insights for theater managers, educators, heritage and cultural advocates, tourism creatives, and entrepreneurs.

Ultrasound biomicroscopy for the assessment of early-stage nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced in rats by a high-fat diet

Antonio Carlos Soares Pantaleão,Marcio Pinto de Castro,Krishynan Shanty Fernandes Meirelles Araujo,Carlos Frederico Ferreira Campos,André Luiz Alves da Silva,José Eduardo Ferreira Manso,João Carlos Ma 대한초음파의학회 2022 ULTRASONOGRAPHY Vol.41 No.4

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the ability of ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) to diagnose the initial stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a rat model. Methods: Eighteen male Wistar rats were allocated to control or experimental groups. A high-fat diet (HFD) with 20% fructose and 2% cholesterol, resembling a common Western diet, was fed to animals in the experimental groups for up to 16 weeks; those in the control group received a regular diet. A 21 MHz UBM system was used to acquire B-mode images at specific times: baseline (T0), 10 weeks (T10), and 16 weeks (T16). The sonographic hepatorenal index (SHRI), based on the average ultrasound image gray-level intensities from the liver parenchyma and right renal cortex, was determined at T0, T10, and T16. The liver specimen histology was classified using the modified Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network NAFLD activity scoring system. Results: The livers in the animals in the experimental groups progressed from sinusoidal congestion and moderate macro- and micro-vesicular steatosis to moderate steatosis and frequent hepatocyte ballooning. The SHRI obtained in the experimental group animals at T10 and T16 was significantly different from the SHRI of pooled control group. No significant difference existed between the SHRI in animals receiving HFD between T10 and T16.Conclusion: SHRI measurement using UBM may be a promising noninvasive tool to characterize early-stage NAFLD in rat models.

THE PERFORMANCE OF OFFSHORE BIVALVE LONGLINES AND CAGE FISHFARMING SYSTEMS IN PORTUGAL

Carlos A. P. Andrade,Carlos A. F. Batista,Pedro Pousao-Ferreira 한국수산과학회 양식분과 2015 한국수산과학회 양식분과 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.5

THE EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL RECOMMENDATIONS ON CONSUMERS' PURCHASE DECISION IN A MULTICHANNEL SERVICE CONTEXT

Carlos Flavian,Raquel Gurrea,Carlos Orus 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7

The multiplicity of channels and the ubiquitous access to product information represent major service innovations that new technologies have incorporated into the purchase process. This research analyzes how consumer and seller recommendations affect the consumer’s purchase decision and confidence in a multichannel service context based on an online-offline sequence.

Intramastoid Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor Causing Hypophosphatemic Osteomalacia Detected on 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT But Not on 99mTc-Sestamibi and 18F-FDG Scans

Carlo Scognamiglio Renner Araujo,Luciana Parente Costa Seguro,Paulo Schiavom Duarte,Carlos Alberto Buchpiguel,Rosa Maria Rodrigues Pereira 대한핵의학회 2019 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.53 No.6

68Ga-DOTATATE uptake in mesenchymal tumors causing hypophosphatemic osteomalacia has been recently described. Herein, we present a case of 68Ga-DOTATATE uptake in an intramastoid phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor that had not been depicted in previous 99mTc-Sestamibi and 18F-FDG scans. The lesion was surgically removed and the phosphorus level increased to the normal range.

WEBROOMING OR SHOWROOMING IN FASHION SHOPPING? A MATTER OF INVOLVEMENT

Carlos Flavián,Daniel Marín,Carlos Orús 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2017 Global Fashion Management Conference Vol.2017 No.07

Introduction Consumers can easily combine the online and physical channels in their shopping process. This new reality is changing the nature of the customer-firm interactions and is challenging retailers to effectively manage their customers. In this line, two antagonistic shopping patterns can be identified: showrooming (visiting physical retailers to check out products and then buy online) and webrooming (research products online before making the purchase offline). In this way, the fashion industry has been deeply affected by these cross-channel shopping behaviour (Lee and Kim, 2008; Cho and Workman, 2010). In this way, according to the Google Consumer Barometer 2015 (www.consumerbarometer.com), webrooming represents the dominant channel combination in fashion shopping around the globe. Cross-channel shopping patterns can threaten traditional retailers though, in the form of free-riding behaviors, such that consumers use one retailer’s channel to prepare, and then switch to another retailer’s channel to purchase (Chiou et al., 2012). Both showroomers and webroomers can free ride, yet the latter is less problematic, because online retailers’ costs are largely fixed (Van Baal and Dach 2005), and consumers often use multiple online sources to search for product information. In an omnichannel era, retailers must learn to integrate channels to offer seamless and unique experiences that retain consumers throughout their entire purchase experience (Verhoef et al, 2015). However, there is a lack of studies analysing the situational characteristics that lead consumers to adopt a specific combination of channels. Specialised literature has emphasised the role convenience (e.g. Verhoef et al., 2007), overlooking the impact of other relevant factors. This research examines the differences between webrooming and showrooming in terms of the degree of the consumer’s involvement with the purchase. Specifically, we examine the differences between webrooming and showrooming in terms of involvement, and how these differences translate into different preferences for the virtual and physical channels to search for information and carry out the purchase. Hypotheses Formulation The consumer’s cross-channel behavior is defined as the use of a combination of channels at different stages of the same shopping process (Dholakia et al., 2005). As previously stated, showrooming and webrooming are two antagonistic forms of cross-channel behavior. We propose that the degree of involvement will shape the consumer’s tendency to carry out one of the two cross-channel sequences. Involvement is defined as the individual’s degree of interest or relevance with a product or purchase situation (Zaichkowsky, 1985; Mittal, 1989). The fashion industry encompasses products whose characteristics prevent consumers from evaluating their quality without physical interaction (Weathers et al., 2007). Thus, they are sensitive to be acquired by means of a cross-channel process. However, when consumers are involved with the purchase of the product, their informational needs are increased (Brunelle, 2009), which lead them to carry out an exhaustive information search. Purchase involvement entails that the consumer is motivated to choose the best option. In this way, the Internet is widely acknowledged as the best channel to satisfy consumers’ need for an extensive information search (e.g. Ratchford et al. 2003), except for the physical inspection of the product (Citrin et al., 2003). This lack of complete knowledge leads them to carry out a webrooming purchase process. On the other hand, when consumers are not involved with the purchase of the product, they seek for convenience in their experiences and paying a low price (McGoldrick and Collins, 2007), which are the main defining factors of showrooming. Showroomers go the physical store to find the product they want to acquire and then take the advantage of the convenience and low prices of the Internet to buy the product. Therefore: H1: Purchase involvement is higher in webrooming than in showrooming. For showroomers, the use of the Internet is more limited to the search for lower prices and to carry out the purchase. In webrooming, consumers use the Internet to research about products and then go to the store with a higher knowledge of the product they want, to corroborate the information they have seen online, and to gain power in the interaction with the salesman (Orús, 2015). Webroomers value the information richness that the Internet offers. Therefore, the relevance of the Internet as channel to search for product information should be higher in webrooming experiences than in showrooming experiences H2: The preference for the Internet to search for information about the product is higher in Webrooming than in Showrooming. Finally, if involvement determines the differences between webrooming and showrooming, it should also explain the preferences for the purchase channel. Specifically, highly involved consumers will be more likely to use the physical store because they can have a physical interaction with the product and the sales personal, which helps them to take the shopping decision with a high degree of confidence (Flavián et al., 2016). Low involved consumers will purchase from the channel which allows them to pay a low price and to make the purchase in a convenient way (i.e. the Internet). Thus: H3: The degree of consumer’s involvement with the purchase mediates the effects of webrooming versus showrooming experiences on the preference for the purchase channel. Methodology Three studies were developed to test the hypotheses. The Study 1 consisted of an exploratory survey to identify and characterise different cross-channel shopping behaviours. In Study 2 we directly manipulate the degree of the participants’ involvement in order to examine their preference for the Internet as a channel for searching for information and their preference of the channel to carry out the purchase. Finally, Study 3 put participants into a webrooming or a showrooming shopping scenario and examines differences in the degree of involvement and purchase intentions. All the studies are carried out with samples of millennials or Generation Y (Parment, 2013) and focus on the purchase of clothing and accessories. Study 1 Participants were 192 millennials (60.9% female; between 18 and 35 years old). They were asked to think about a recent purchase experience of clothing or accessories in which they combined different channels during the purchase process. The participants reported the product purchased and the channels employed to search for information and buy the product. Finally, they indicated, on a 7-point scale (1 = not at all, 7 = extremely), to what extent the purchase of the product was (1) important, (2) interesting, (3) relevant, (4) meant a lot, (5) significant, to measure their degree of involvement (Zaichkowsky, 1985; Mittal, 1989; α = 0.89, 70.51% of variance explained). Due to space constraints, only a summary of results is presented. Out of the 192 participants, 109 (57%) reported a webrooming experience, whereas 28 (15%) recalled a showrooming experience. This result confirms that webrooming is a more extended behavior than showrooming. Moreover, purchase involvement for participants who recalled a webrooming experience (M = 5.56, SD = 0.86) was significantly higher than for those who recalled a showrooming experience (M = 4.33, SD = 1.46; U Mann-Whitney non-parametric test: p < 0.001). Evidence in favor of H1 was found. Study 2 This study consisted of an experimental design with one between-subjects factor with two levels. Specifically, participants (n = 68; 58% female; between 18 and 35 years old) were asked to think about the purchase of a clothing and fashion product with a cost of either €20 or less (low involvement condition) or €100 or more (high involvement condition). Among other measures, participants reported the probability of using the Internet to search for product information before purchase (from 1 = very unlikely, to 7 = very likely), and the preference for the channel to carry out the purchase (from 1 = definitely the Internet, to 7 = definitely the physical store). The participants also indicated their degree of involvement in the same way as in the previous study (α = 0.91, 75.41% of variance explained). In this way, the manipulation was successful since participants’ involvement with the purchase of the expensive product (M = 5.14, SD = 1.32) was significantly higher than with the purchase of the cheap product (M = 4.31, SD = 1.19; t(66) = 2.688, p < 0.01). The results of the analyses were consistent with our expectations. The probability of using the Internet for searching for product information was significantly higher for participants in the highly-involving purchase (M = 5.55, SD = 1.92) than for those in the low-involving purchase (M = 3.07, SD = 1.84; t(66) = 5.391, p < 0.001). In addition, participants’ preference for the purchase channel was also affected by the experimental treatment. In the purchase of the expensive product, participants indicated a higher preference for the physical store (M = 5.95, SD = 1.33), whereas for the cheap garment, participants were more indifferent, slightly leaned toward the Internet though (M = 3.87, SD = 1.68; t(66) = 5.701, p < 0.001). H2 is supported. In addition, two ANCOVAs were carried out to test the mediator effect of involvement. Involvement significantly influenced the preference for the Internet to search for information (F(1, 67) = 13.589, p < 0.001) and the purchase preference (F(1, 67) = 11.364, p < 0.001). The effect of the treatment was reduced in both cases, supporting partial mediation (H3). Study 3 The last study manipulated the type of information search sequence. Participants (n = 54; 53.7% female; between 17 and 24 years old) had an initial interaction with the product (a strap bag) and then changed the channel to have a cross-channel search experience with the same product. In this way, participants in the webrooming condition first had an online experience with the product and then had the opportunity to physically interact with it. Participants in the showrooming condition had the reverse sequence. After having both experiences with the product, the participants indicated the likelihood of purchasing the product in the channel where they had had the last experience (from 1 = very unlikely, to 7 = very likely). A set of additional measures were gathered. At the end of the questionnaire, participants indicated the degree of involvement with the experience (α = 0.86, 63.70 % of variance explained). The results of the analyses further confirmed H1. Participants in the webrooming scenario indicated a higher degree of involvement (M = 5.22, SD = 0.67) than participants in the showrooming scenario (M = 4.67, SD = 0.95; t(52) = 2.505, p < 0.05). Moreover, purchase intention at the physical store was higher for webroomers (M = 5.87, SD = 1.92) than purchase intentions in the online store for showroomers (M = 4.83, SD = 1.24; F(1, 53) = 11.789, p < 0.01). When involvement was included as a covariate in the analysis, it had a positive effect on purchase intentions (F(1, 53) = 13.591, p < 0.01), whereas the effect of the type of search sequence decreased (F(1, 53) = 5.785, p < 0.05). Again, we find support for H3, given that involvement partially explained the effect of webrooming on the preference for the physical store to purchase the product. Discussion and Conclusions Consistent with previous reports (Sevitt and Samuel, 2013; Google Consumer Barometer, 2015), the results of the first study confirmed that webrooming is a more frequent cross-channel shopping than showrooming. Thus, traditional retailers may take the advantages of the Internet to offer enhanced shopping experiences to customers, instead of fearing of a possible cannibalization of the online channel. Importantly, the results of the three studies show differences between webrooming and showrooming in terms of the involvement with the purchase situation. The first study measured the degree of consumers’ involvement depending on the type of cross-channel behavior, revealing that involvement was higher for webroomers than for showroomers. The second study directly manipulated the degree of involvement and demonstrated a clear preference for a webrooming experience when the purchase of the product entailed a higher degree of involvement. The third study showed that, depending on the type of search sequence (webrooming or showrooming) the involvement with the purchase experience was different. Furthermore, the level of purchase involvement determined the preference for the online and physical channels to search for information and purchasing the product. This finding entails important implications for both theory and practice. Nevertheless, this research has several limitations which open avenues for further research. Specifically, we only focused on a specific segment of the market and on a specific product category. Future studies should replicate these findings with more representative samples and a wider set of product categories, which have been found to determine multichannel behaviour to a great extent (Kushwaha and Shankar, 2013). Further research should also include convenience- and price-related variables which can explain the differences between webrooming and showrooming.

Towards a centralized route planning solution supporting time dependencies

Carlos t. Calafate,David Soler,Juan-Carlos Cano,Pietro Manzoni 한국산업정보학회 2014 한국산업정보학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.1

Future route planning solutions are expected to provide significant Improvements in terms of route traversal times by accounting for both estimated and real-time traffic congestion states. Compared to current solutions, mostly based on static path segment costs, the main challenge is how to obtain reliable traffic congestion estimations for all the streets/avenues in a city for the different times of the day, for every day in a year. Modeling such a tremendous amount of data can be time-consuming and, additionally, centralized computation of optimal routes based on such time-dependencies has very high computational requirements. As a first approach to this problem, we propose a heuristic to reduce the modeling effort to a minimum while maintaing the benefits of time-dependent traffic congestion modeling. The effectiveness of this heuristic is assessed for the city of Valencia, Spain.