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김정일정권의 체제유지 전략 : 선군정치와 7·1 경제관리개선조치를 중심으로
박동국,박병철 동아대학교 동아시아연구원 2006 동아시아 : 비교와 전망 Vol.5 No.2
This paper aims to analyzes the strategic direction of regime maintenance of Km Jung—Il under the political, economic crisis after 1990s. The strategies of regime maintenance are classfied following two categories: ‘Arduous March’, ‘Military—First Politics’ as political · ideological strategy and the "New Economic Management Improvement policy"(hereafter ‘7 · 1 policy,) as economic strategy. Under the comprehensive critical condition,'Arduous March' was adopted as a 'muddling through strategy’ based on the severely forced sacrifice of people of North Korea. 'Military—First Politics‘ was an instrument for the system control. As an expression of confidence of stabiizing Kim's regime,‘7 · 1 policy’ was lunched for the purpose of the improvement of economic difficulties by introducing partly some elements of market economy. ‘7 · 1 policy’ has contributed actually to favorable turn of North Korea's economy. From this point,‘7 · 1 policy’ can be seen as a successful strategy for the regime stability. However,‘7 · 1 policy’ would be characterized as an provisional instrument which can be realized only during the economic recovering period,because Kim's regime,based on the ‘Military—First Politics’,might eliminate elements of the market economy adopted through the ‘7 · 1 policy’. The policy aims not at an application of capitalist market principles to the national economic policy, but at reestablishment of the planned economy system. It is very likely that Kim's regime would continuously expand some elements of market economy for the purpose of the regime stability until the end of economic crisis. Yet the economic reform will be continued under the influence of the 'Military—First Politics’. 본 논문은 1990년대 이후 북한 위기상황에서 김정일정권이 체제유지를 위해 제시한 전략의 방향성을 고찰하는 데 그 목적을 두고 있다. 북한에 있어 체제유지 전략은 정치 · 사상적 전략으로 ‘고난의 행군’과 ‘선군정치’와 경제적 전략으로 ‘7․1경제관리개선조치’를 들 수 있을 것이다. 북한 사회 전반적인 위기 상황에서 ‘고난의 행군’은 주민들의 회생을 통한 ‘버티기 전략’의 일환으로, 선군정치는 체제통제 수단으로 기능하고 있다. 또한 ‘7․1조치’는 김정일체제의 자신감의 표현으로, 시장경제의 부분적 도입을 통해 현실적 경제위기를 개선하려는 조치이다. 여기서 ‘7․1조치’로 북한의 경제가 호전되고 있다는 측면에서는 북한의 체제유지 전략이 성과를 거두고 있다고 볼 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 ‘7․1조치’는 북한이 계획경제를 정상화하는 동안의 과도기에 임시방편으로 활용될 가능성을 지니고 있다. 왜냐하면 북한은 강력한 체제 통제 수단인 선군정치를 바탕으로 언제든지 ‘7․1조치’로 등장한 개혁적 시장경제요소들을 제거할 수 있기 때문이다. 또한 ‘7․1조치’도 계획경제의 복귀를 목적-사회주의 경제 정상화를 위한 방법-으로 시장경제의 요소를 일부 활용한다는 차원이지, 시장경제를 사회 전반의 경제원칙으로 정립하려는 것은 아니기 때문이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 현재의 북한은 체제유지전략으로 당면한 경제 위기가 해결되기 전까지는 시장경제를 지속적으로 확대해 나갈 것으로 보이며, 이는 선군정치를 바탕으로 진행될 것이다.
우영국,강성환,임재명,한동준,김병욱 강원대학교 석재복합신소재제품연구센터 1996 석재연 논문집 Vol.1 No.-
광산에서 배출되는 광재폐기물은 산과 계곡에 투기 또는 매립되어 강우등에 의하여 주변 소하천을 오염시키고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 광재의 물리적특성과 이화학적 특성을 조사하고 회분식과 칼럼식실험을 수행하여 오염물질의 침출특성을 고찰하고자 하였다. 실험결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 1) 광재는 점토질 및 실트질의 크기를 지니고 있으나 점착력과 소성적 성질이 없는 사질토의 특성을 지니고 있다. 2) 광재의 투수계수는 대부분 10(???)³-10(???)cm/sec의 범위이며, 일반 사질토의 투수계수보다 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 3) 회분식과 칼럼식 용출시험의 결과, 대상 광산의 광재폐기물 일부에서 기준치 이상의 중금속농도가 침출되었으며, 이에대한 방지대책의 심각성을 알 수 있었다. 4) 광재 폐기물의 칼럼식 용출시험 결과 kg폐기물 당 인공강우 투여량 비가 증가할수록 침출수의 중금속 및 유해물질 농도는 크게 감소되어 어느정도 진행된 이후부터는 대부분 일정한 농도가 유지되나, 산성강우시 침출정도 및 침출시간은 지속되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 5) 광재는 많은 중금속과 유해물질을 함유하고 있으나 양적인면에서 자원화의 가치가 높을 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 광재내의 자원회수, 건설 재료등의 재활용및 자원화 연구가 필요하다. Tailing wastes producedat metal mines have been disposed of by dumping or landfiling in depression. Mine drainage developed at pile of the tailing wastes has high concentrations of various kinds of heavy metals and harzardous materials, and these contaminants are leached out from the tailing wastes by water infiltration or when they collapse. In this study, both batch test and column test were performed in order to investigate the physical and leaching characteristics of tailing wastes. The batch test results were compared with those by EPT and DLT, and column test was carried out at acidic and neutral pH ranges. The results showed that high concentrations of heavy metals and sulfate were contained in the leachate of the some tailing wastes. In column test, levels of heavy metals in the leachate produced during the initial rainfall period were found higher.
高元島,朴賢俊,尹炳局,鄭成伊,朴宣東 대한본초학회 1999 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.14 No.2
The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Hwanglyuntang on serum reactions of CCI₄ treated rats. In this study the experimental rats were divided five groups(Normal, Control, Sample A, Sample B and Sample C). Under the same condition Normal group was fed basal diet and water, the Control group was injected with carbon tetrachloride(CCI₄, 0.5㎖/㎏) and fed a basal diet for 2 weeks, the Sample A group was injected with carbon tetrachloride(CCI₄, 0.5㎖/㎏) and fed the Hwanglyuntang extract(10㎖/㎏) for 2 weeks, the Sample B group was fed the Hwanglyuntang extract(10㎖/㎏) for 2 weeks and injected with carbon tetrachloride(CCI₄, 0.5㎖/㎏), the Sample C group was fed on the Hwanglyuntang extract(10㎖/㎏) for 2 weeks. The change in GOT, GPT, γ-GPT, ALP, LDH activity and Bilirubin level in blood serum were preasured. The obtained results are summarized as follows : It was found that GOT, GPT, γ-GPT, ALP LDH activity and Bilirubin levels in the blood serum of the sample groups, as compared with control group, sample group was significantly decreased.
半夏瀉心湯이 CCl4 로 유도된 간중독 흰쥐에 미치는 영향
朱旺錫,朴賢俊,尹炳局,鄭成伊,朴宣東 대한본초학회 1999 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.14 No.2
The purpose of this study is to observe the effect of Banhasasimtang on serum reaction in CCI₄ treated rats. In this study the experimental rats divided five group(Normal, Control, Sample A, Sample B and Sample C group) Under the same condition Normal group was fed basal diet and water, Control group was injected carbon tetrachloride(CCI₄ 0.5㎖/㎏) and basal diet for 2 weeks, Sample A group was injected carbon tetrachloride(CCI₄0.5㎖/㎏) and fed the Bahasasimtang extract(10㎖/㎏) for 2 weeks, Sample A group was injected carbon tetrachloride(CCI₄ 0.5㎖/㎏) and fed the Banhasasimtang extract(10㎖/㎏) for 2 weeks, Sample B group was fed the Banhasasimtang extract(10㎖/㎏) for 2 weeks and injected carbon tetrachloride(CCI₄ 0.5㎖/㎏), Sample C group was fed the Banhasasimtang extract(10㎖/㎏) for 2 weeks. The change of GOT, GPT, γ-GPT, ALP, LDH activity and Bilirubin level in blood serum. The obtained results are summarized as follows : 1. In the change of GOT GPT contents, as compared with control group, sample group was significantly decreased. 2. In the change of γ-GPT contents, as compared wth control group, sample group was significantly decreased. 3. In the change of ALP contents, as compared with control group, sample group was significantly decreased. 4. In the change of LDP contents, as compared with control group, sample group was significantly decreased. 5. In the change of Bilirubin contents, as compared with control group, sample group was significantly decreased.
국기용,이만재,조희충,임영국,박일,김원식,이승일,이병래 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 1993 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.18 No.1
Toxic oxygen free radicals have been implicated as important pathologic mediators in many clinical disordesrs. Enhandng the intracellular content of antioxidant enzymes can provide means of limiting biological damage caused by oxygen free radicals. Many investigations have examined the potential of various oxyradical scavengers to modulate oxyradical injury. The oxygen free radicals play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. To investigate the pulmonary oxyradical injury and the protective role of antioxidant enzymes, author measured the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactants, the activiteies of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase) and the sulfhydryl groups in serum and red blood cells from the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease groups and the normal controls. The thiobarbituric acid reactant in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease groups was increased than the controls in both serum and red blood cells, and the superoxide dismutase activity in red blood cells was no statistically difference in both groups. But, the glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities were lowered in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease groups than the controls. The sulfhydryl groups in serum and red blood cells were no statistically difference in both groups. These results suggest that the increased thiobarbituric acid reactant in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease groups mean oxygen radical toxicity, and the decreased glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities may play a role in cellular injury.
1-Phenylindole Ester류의 합성과 반응성 연구
崔舜圭,金兪瑛,兪丙國,李龍均,鄭大一 東亞大學校附設基礎科學硏究所 1993 基礎科學硏究論文集 Vol.10 No.1
일반적인 dienophile에 대한 pyrrole의 반응은 pyrrole이 diene system으로 작용된 [4+2] 고리부가반응과 pyrrole의 α-탄소 위치에 부가되는 Michael형태의 반응이 알려져 있다.
미세알부민뇨를 동반한 인슐린 비의존성 당뇨병 환자에서 혈장 Endothelin의 변화
서예경,정상원,남직화,신병호,전종민,김정국,김동희,하승우,김보완 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1996 慶北醫大誌 Vol.37 No.3
목적 : 혈관내피세포에서 생성되는 endothelin(ET)는 강력한 혈관수축작용을 가진 펩타이드로 당뇨병 환자에서 혈관내피세포의 손상여부에 따라 혈중 농도가 증가할 수 있으며 혈관합병증과 관련이 있다는 보고가 있다. 그러나. 혈중 ET치의 상승과 당뇨병성 합병증의 상관성에 대해서는 논란이 많다. 이에 저자들은 인슐린 비의존성 당뇨병 환자에서 미세알부민뇨의 동반유무에 따른 혈중 ET치의 변화 및 혈장 ET치와 요중 알부민 배설률과의 상관성을 검토하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 인슐린 비의존성 당뇨병 환자중 미세알부민뇨를 보인 22명과 정상알부민뇨를 보인 43명을 대상으로 하였으며 혈장 ET를 측정하여 요중 알부민 배설률, 당뇨병성 망막증 및 당뇨병 관련인자들과의 관계를 비교하였다. 결과 : 당뇨병성 망막증이 합병된 군에서 망막증이 합병되지 않은 군에 비하여 혈장 ET치가 유의하게 높았던 반면 (각각 1.9±0.66, 1.5±0.76pg/㎖, p<0.05) 미세알부민뇨를 보인 군과 정상알부민뇨를 보인 군사이에 혈장 ET치는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(각각 1.9±1.14, 1.7±0.69pg/㎖). 또한 요중 알부민 배설률과 혈장 ET치 사이에 유의한 상관관계는 없었으며 미세알부민뇨를 동반한 인슐린 비의존성 당뇨병 환자군에서 혈장 ET치는 당뇨병의 관련인자들과도 유의한 상관관계가 없었다. 결론 : 인슐린 비의존 당뇨병 환자에서 혈장 ET치가 초기 당뇨병성 신증의 합병여부나 미세알부민뇨의 정도를 반영하기는 어려울 것임을 시사한다. Background : Endothelin(ET), a potent vasoconstritor peptide released from vascular endothelial cells, is known to be increased in diabetic patients with vascular damage and related with diabetic angiopathy. However, whether plasma ET levels may be related to diabetic complications is controversial. We studied the change of ET levels in non-insulin dependent diabetics with microalbuminuria and relation between ET and urinary albumin excretion rate. Methods : Plasma ET levels of 22 non-insulin dependent diabetics with microalbuminuria and 43 patients with normoalbuminuria were measured and relations of plasma ET to diabetic complications such as urinary albumin excretion rate, retinopathy and other associated factors were studied. Results : Plasma ET levels were significantly higher in patients with diabetic retinopathy than those without retinopathy(1.9 ± 0.66 vs 1.5 ± 0.76 pg/㎖. p<0.05). The difference, however, between diabetics with and without microalbuminuria was not significant(1.9 ± 1.14 vs 1.7 ± 0.69 pg/㎖). There were no correlations of plasma ET to urinary albumin excretion rate and to the other associated factors in non-insulin dependent diabetics. Conclusion : These results suggest that plasma ET levels may not seem to act as a predictor of diabetic nephropathy or microalbuminuria in non-insulin dependent diabetics.
Bacterial Composition of Respiratory Organs and Intestine in Mice and Rats
Byoung Chun Lee,Mee Kyung Jang,Jong-Kun Seo,Jin-Ho Kang,Kab Ryong Chae,Dae Youn Hwang,Byoung Guk Kim,Seung Wan Jee,Sun Bo Shim,Su Hae Lee,Ji Soon Sin,Chang Jun Bae,Jong-Min Woo,Chuel Kyu Kim 한국실험동물학회 2008 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.24 No.1
The change of microbial flora in intestine and respiratory organs make some effects on animal health, which can cause some aberrations to experiment data. Therefore, it is an important factor to maintain the homogeneity of the bacterial composition of each organ. In this study, the bacterial distribution of respiratory organs and intestine were analyzed from 247 mice and 200 rats by analyzing biochemical properties and 16S rDNA sequencing. The total of 1,075 isolates were classified to 35 species of 17 genera. In case of rats, intestinal microbial flora were composed of 5 major bacteria including E. coli, P. mirabilis, M. morganii, C. freundii, and P. vulgaris, and 5 bacteria such as E. coli, P. mirabilis, S. aureus, S. cohnii, and M. morganii also mainly consisted of the microbial flora of respiratory organs. In case of mice, intestinal microbial flora were composed of 4 major bacteria including E. coli, P. mirabilis, A. lwoffi, and L. adecarboxylata, and 5 bacteria such as E. coli, B. sphaericus, S. auricularis, A. lwoffi, and L. adecarboxylata also mainly consisted of microbial flora of respiratory organs. This study suggested that B. sphaericus, G. morbillorum, S. paucimobilis, Staphylococcus spp. were specific in respiratory organs, and that M. morganii and Citrobacter spp. were almost specific in intestine. This study also can give some basic information to understand the relationship between animal care environment and microbial composition of animal organs.