that-clause의 심층구조

문병태 慶尙大學校 1981 論文集 Vol.20 No.2

Transformationalists have tried to describe that-clause since Chomsky(1958), some of them in syntactic approach and others semantically. Rosenbaum(1967) analyzed that-clause as 「it+S」. Kiparskys(1968), realizing that Rosenbaum's analysis was not sufficient to describe that-clause, suggested a new analysis, which, in fact, explained many linguistic phenomena that Rosenbaum(1967) failed. Kiparskys(1968) devided that-clause into two kinds of structures, NP[[NP] [S]] and NP[S] according to factivity of complement and said that the factive clause NP[[NP] [S]] only had the head noun "fact." Other linguists such as Stockwell and Menzel tried to describe that-clause in similar ways, except that Menzel(1975) discovered other head nouns like proposition, notion, idea, and position besides fact. Since none of them gave the completed description, though, a new analysis is required. By the analysis presented in this study, it may be said that Kiparskys' underlying structures of two kinds can be unified as NP[S] and head nouns in surface structure are not deep structure constituents but realized as lexical items from abstract predicates [+FACT] and [+THOUGHT] in deep structure: [+FACT] realized as fact, event, action and [+THOUGHT] as proposition, notion, idea, thought, belief, etc.

美國 古語에 關한 小考

문병태 진주산업대학교 1975 論文集 Vol.13 No.-

While many words in British English underwent some linguistic changes they didn't in America but maintain the archaic features which have gone out of use in British English. The aim of this study is to find out what the archaic features there are and why they survive in American English. The archaism is found most in vocabulary. Though many words in Eng1and got the new meanings by the phenomena of specilization, creation or acceptance, pejoration and amelioration and in some cases became obsolete, they haven't been affected in Ameria. This is the same case with the aspects of pronunciation, spelling, structure and syntax. Considering that such chanses in British English took place around eighteenth century after Engiish was brought to America, this aochaism American English can be said “natura1”. This is supported by the fact that people iso1ated from their mother country tend always to be conservative 1inguistically as we1l as in other ways, and that undeveloped ways of traffic and communication beside natural restrictions kept American English from being affected by the linguistic change in British Englash.

學習自中心 自己主導的 學習特性 向上에 관한 硏究

文炳淇 인간교육자원경영학회 2004 人間敎育硏究 Vol.11 No.1

The general and structural problems of the school education in Korea can't just be settled by reducing a quorum per class and revising curricula. Above all, even though the teacher is equipped with a sense of duty and expertise as a teacher, conforming each student's characteristics, coaching him, and offering terms of studying for a great number of students, it's not impossible for him to devote himself to teaching at the same time. To make these possible, it's important for us to seek for reform measures that the education authorities have to offer some conditions in which the teacher can be committed to teaching, and the student can also study in a self-centered and self-directed way according to his own learning characteristics. Starting off with recognizing these problems, this study, in order to make the life-long education with students as the central figure what is called one of the world educational aims, and the student's self-directed scholarly activities connected with the 7th curriculum to embody our nation's educational doctrine possible, puts emphasis on confirming and presenting the following possibilities: First, whether the teacher can find the possible system in which each of the students can choose something suitable to his scholarly activities and study it in a self-centered way, second, whether the system has its own educational values when it is applied to an educational site and practiced in it, third, whether the system has its own possibilities to improve the features of student's self-centered and self-directed learning characteristics, finally, whether the possibilities mentioned above can really come true. The purpose of this study is to examine and look into the possibilities which each of the students can study in a self-centered and self-directed way in accordance with his own learning characteristics through the conceptual system and the practical system of human education in the course of teaching-learning between students and school in the formal and institutional school education. At the same time, the purpose of this study, after presenting and analyzing the results which appears when the DGPB-CUTL system based on the back-up DGPS is applied to every unit and every period in a regular teaching-learning is to confirm the practical possibilities and appropriateness about whether it can really improve students' self-centered and self-directed learning abilities, and, finally, represent it to be a practical system to normalize our nation's primary and secondary school education. So, to accomplish the purposes as mentioned above, the following three concrete contents of study are selected. 1. This study looks into a general idea of students' self-centered and self-directed learning characteristics on the basis of human education. 2. This study clears up the real value of the DGPB-CUTL through the use of DGPB for improving of students' self-centered and self-directed learning and investigates the symbolization and measuring of students' self-centered and self-directed learning. 3. This study presents and analyzes the results which appears when the DGPB-CUTL based on the back-up DGPB is applied to every unit and every period in a regular teaching-learning, and this study confirms the practical possibilities and appropriateness about whether the system can improve both the first system, the practical learning-index and the second system, the scholastic achievement-index, which are students' self-centered and self-directed learning characteristics. This study makes use of two methods of research to confirm and analyze the contents of this study systematically. The first method is the sundry record for investigating the conceptual and systematic basis related to students' self-centered and self-directed learning. The second method is the statistical analysis method, which makes use of the ESA-CPD, a subordinate system of the DGPB-CUTL which the DGPS supports for the sake of measuring and analyzing the results of students' self-centered and self-directed learning by means of the DGPB-CUTL in a regular teaching-learning. The effectiveness of students' self-centered and self-directed learning characteristics in every unit and every period by using the DGPB-CUTL based on the back-up DGPS is verified and confirmed. Therefore, the results can be arranged and represented as follows. 1. In the subordinative hypothesis 1, that is, in the case of improvement of students' self-centered and self-directed learning characteristics in every period of class, as a consequence of using of the DGPB-CUTL based on the back-up DGPS, the 7th period of unit 4 in the first semester turns to be improved more compared to the first period of it by the significant difference statistically in the variables of USI, LT, and N, and, though there is no statistical difference in the variables of SULI and PI, the 7th period statistically appears to be improved more compared to the 1st period. As a result, the subordinative hypothesis 1, "If the DGPB-CUTL is used in the course of a regular teaching-learning the students' self- directed learning characteristics in period of class will be improved." is partially accepted. 2. In the subordinative hypothesis 2, that is, in the case of improvement of students' self-centered and self-directed learning characteristics in every unit of class, as a consequence of using of the DGPB-CUTL based on the back-up DGPS, the unit 4 in the second semester statistically appears to be improved more compared to the unit 4 in the 1st semester in all the variables of USI, SULI, LT, N, and PI. As a result, the subordinative hypothesis 2, "If the DGPB-CUTL is used in the course of a regular teaching-learning, the students' self-directed learning characteristics in unit of class will be improved." is partially accepted. The synthetically confirmed truth on the basis of the analytic results shows that the practical use of the DGPB-CUTL in the formal and institutional school education can make students' self-centered learning in line with their own learning possible and can improve students' self-directed learning characteristics.

Pendulum 장치를 이용한 상악 대구치 후방이동에 관한 치험례

김문현,백병주,이지연 大韓小兒齒科學會 1993 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.20 No.2

Orthodontists have long sought methods of correcting ClassⅡ malocclusions without straining the lower arch and without the need for strict patient compliance. In the 1990s, noncompliance therapies in various forms have become more prominent than ever before. The Pendulum Appliance is a hybrid that uses a large Nance acrylic button in the palate for anchorage, along with 032˝TMA springs that deliver a light, continuous force to the upper first molars without affecting the palatal button. Thus, the appliance produces a broad, swinging arc-or pendulum- of force from the midine of the palate to the upper molars. Since the Pendulum Appliance drives the upper molars distally (with slight lingual tipping) quite rapidly, there is a tendency for the anterior bite to open. This open bite generally corrects itself in brachyfacial types, especially those with tongue-thrust habits. I still recommend treating vertical growth patterns conservatively with extraction, directional headgears, and transpalatal bars. Patient tolerance of the Pendulum Appliance has been excellent; most adapt to the appliance within a week, Initial clinical findings have been encouraging. It is not unusual to see as much as 5mm of distal molar movement in three to four months.

[논문]보육실습에서 프로젝트접근법에 대한 예비보육교사의 관심수준 변화 연구

유병민,박수홍,강문숙,박철수,정경훈 교육혁신학술위원회 2011 교육혁신연구 Vol.21 No.1

본 연구는 예비보육교사가 보육실습이라는 과정에서 프로젝트 접근법에 대한 관심은 어떠하며, 관심변화 여부를 사례중심으로 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위하여 예비보육교사를 대상으로 보육실습 사전과 사후검사를 실시하였으며, 자세하고 구체적인 사실과 연구의 질적인 부분을 찾아보고자 인터뷰하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 프로젝트에 대한 예비보육교사들의 관심은 전반적으로 무관심으로 나타났다. 둘째, 사전․사후검사 결과, 프로젝트 접근법에 대한 관심수준의 변화가 있었던 사례에서는 관심변화의 패턴도 다양하게 나타났으며, 관심변화가 크게 없었던 사례에서는 개인, 정보관심이 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 프로젝트에 대한 예비보육교사의 관심수준은 보육환경, 보육과정, 실습지도 교사, 예비보육교사의 지각력, 프로젝트에 대한 사전지식이나 교육정도에 따라 다양하게 변할 수 있음을 알게 되었다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the case in which we can identify how the SoC of prospective child care teachers about the project approach changes and why these change appears during the child care practice when we assumpt that for prospective child care teachers to implement the project approach is that they participate in change during child care practice. In Case K, the SoC of the prospective child care teacher moves from Stage 0 awareness to Stage 2, Stage 3, Stage 4, and In Case M, the SoC moves from Stage 0 to Stage 1. In Case P, the SoC moves from Stage 1 to Stage 2, Stage 3, and in Case S, the SoC isn't changed. Above this, we identify the SoC of prospective child care teachers. Case K, M, and P changes SoC after child care practice, but Case S doesn't change. the reason why there is a difference is the mindset of prospective child care teachers. Anyone who wants to accomplish specific purposes can deal with diverse changes with flexibility, but others can easily have an effect on the changes. We suggest that instructor in organization for prospective child care teachers’ education need to have a class for prospective child care teachers to put theory into practice, give direct facilitation and intervention in the field to prospective child care teachers, make a learning environment for prospective child care teachers to make good use of teaching materials and instrument, develop guidebook for project approach and give support to prospective child care teachers.

Low-viscosity Resin System이 복합레진 수복물의 변연누출에 미치는 영향

백병주,김재곤,허선,김문현,양정숙 大韓小兒齒科學會 1997 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.24 No.2

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of various low-viscosty resin systems used as rebonding agents to prevent microleakage at the margins of class I composite resin restorations. Seventy sound human premolars were selected for experiment. Class I cavities were prepared and each cavity was conditioned with a 37% phosphoric acid for 15 sec, rinsed with water for 15 sec, and dried with compressed air. Bonding agent(Scotchbond Multipurpose, 3M Co.) was applied and a hybrid composite resin(Z-100, 3M Co.) was placed using an incremental technic. The excess cured composite resin was carefully removed with Sof-Lex discs(3M Co.) to expose the original margins of the cavity. The following seven groups were established: group 1 was not rebonded and used ascontrol group; group 2 was rebonded with a Scotchbond Multipurpose(3M Co.) and finished ; group 3 was rebonded with a Fortify(BISCO) AND finished ; group 4 was rebonded with a Concise white sealant(3M Co.) and finished ; group 5 was rebonded with a Concise white sealant(3M Co.) and not finished ; group 6 was rebonded with a P&F sealant(BISCO) AND finished ; group 7 was rebonded with a P&F sealant(BISCO) and not finished. The specimens were then subjected to 500 thermocycles between 5 & 65 with a 10sec dwell time and immersed in 2% methylene blue dye solution for 24 hours and sectioned with low-speed diamond cutter into two part under water condition. The extent of microleakage at rebonded margins was evaluated microscopically and scored for dye penetration according to the following scale : 0=no dye penetration ; 1=dye penetration to half-way along axial wall between enamel surface and DEJ ; 2=dye penetration beyond halfway along axial wal between enamel surface and DEJ ; 3=dye penetration to the full depth of DEJ or beyond DEJ. Selected samples were prepared for SEM observation to determine the depth of penetration of the rebonding agent into the marginal interface. The obtained results were as follow : 1. In the group 2 and 3, which is rebonded with a Scotchbond Multipurpose and Fortify, dye penetration score were decreased significantly than that of group 1(P<0.05), but group 4 and 6 were not statistically different from group 1(P>0.05). 2. There were significant differences between group 4, 6 and group 5, 7 when compared by dye penetration score(P<0.05). 3. In the SEM observation, Scotchbond Multipurpose and Fortify were penetrated within 30-40㎛ depth of the outermost surface. However, both sealants were failed to penetrate into the debonded interface.

言論의 自由 : 國家的 法益의 保護와 統制性 法律의 問題點을 中心으로

李秉文 중앙대학교 법학대학 1981 法政論叢 Vol.21 No.-

소형 펀치 시험법을 이용한 P92강의 크리프 거동 특성 평가

박문희,임병수 成均館大學校 科學技術硏究所 2002 論文集 Vol.53 No.1

Recently, as the number of high temperature components that are being used under high pressure and temperature is increased, the need for the materials with better properties at high temperature has been increased also. As the result of the effort to satisfy such need, a lot of new high temperature materials with better thermal efficiency and economy have been developed. P92 steel is one of such newly developed piping material for high temperature usage. In this study, the creep behavior of P92 steel is investigated by small punch creep test method at 600℃, the actual operating temperature in the power plant facilities. The creep characteristics were investigated using 3 different type of materials taken from the Base metal, Weld metal and Heat affected zone of P92 steel that has been exposed to the welding process.

소아에서 발생한 비치성 양성종양에 관한 임상적 연구

백병주,김문현,김재곤,허선,김영신 大韓小兒齒科學會 1998 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.25 No.2

Non-odontogenic tumors can be classified as malignant or benign. Most oral tumors in children are benign. In the Belfact series only 7.5 percent of soft tissue tumors were malignant and Bhaskar(1963) found only 9 percent of 293 oral tumors of all kinds to be malignant. Benign tumors may be classified as epithelial and mesenchymal. The most common tumor of surface epithelium is the squamous papilloma. These are easily recgnized clinically as cauliflower-like lesions. Fibrous lesions are very common in children's mouths. Many of these are not true neoplasms but are related to fibrous hyperplasia. Another common oral tumor in children is angiomatous tumor. Hemangioma occurred more frequently than lymphangioma. Cy stic hygroma, a cystic subtype of lymphangioma, is a developmental tumor of lymphatic origin. It is a considered to be a relatively rare lesion. about 50 precent of cystic hygroma are present at birth, and most of the remaining 50 percent appear in the early years of life during the period of active lymphatic growth. The preferred treatment for these lesions, except for hemangioma, is complete surgical excision. With proper surgical techniques, recurrence is not expected.

아동 및 청소년기의 하악각부 피질골 두께에 관한 방사선학적 연구

백병주,김미라,노용관,김문현,김재곤 大韓小兒齒科學會 1998 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.25 No.1

The purpose of this stufy was to determine the thickness of the cortical bone at the mandibular angle in children and adolescents. The subjects were composed of 153 subjects who were 3 to 17 years of age that had not been history of bone disease or metabolic disease and no dental caries or tooth loss on mandibular molars. The subjects were divided into three age groups, group Ⅰ(preschool children) was 3 to 5 years of age and group Ⅱ (school children) was 6 to 11 years of age and froup Ⅲ (adolescence) was 12 to 17 years of age. Panoramic radiographs of these patients were collected and measurements of the thickness of the cortical bone were obtained at the mandibular angle. The average thickness of the cortical bone in the group Ⅰ was 1.01±0.18 mm in boys and 1.07±0.22 mm in girls. In the group Ⅱ was 1.23±0.18 mm inboys and 1.32±0.18 mm in girls. In the group Ⅲ was 1.60±0.23 mm in boys and 1.58±0.20 mm in girls. Statistical analyses did not reveal any significant difference was exist between the right or left side of the mandible but difference was exist between the same age groups by sex, especially in group Ⅱ (p<0.01), except in group Ⅲ. The greater thickness of cortical bone in the older age group was shown to be statistically significant. The correlation coefficient between age and the thickness of the cortical bone at the mandibular angle showed a high value of r=0.76.