현대시조의 종장에 나타난 특성 연구

민병관(Min, Byeong-Kwan) 한국시조학회 2014 시조학논총 Vol.40 No.-

이 연구는 시조학계에서 지속적으로 논란이 되고 있는 정형성 문제와 정체성 문제를 해결하기 위한 기초 작업이다. 현대시조의 정형성을 규명하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 현대시조의 종장에 나타난 특성을 분석하였다. 현대시조 중 대표적인 작품을 모아 엮은 현대시조 100인 선집에 실린 101편의 시조(종장 330개)를 대상으로 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 현대시조 종장의 배열 형태는 고시조에 비해 다양한 양상을 보여주고 있다. 1연에서 5연, 1행부터 6행 등 다양한 방식으로 배열하고 있다. 또한 초장, 중장과 독립된 연으로 배열한 경우가 30% 가까이 된다. 이것은 초장과 중장에 비해 종장의 의미를 더 부각시키고자 한 의도의 산물이다. 둘째, 종장의 제1음보는 모두 3음절로 이루어졌으나, 2~4음보는 1음절부터 10음절까지 다양하게 이루어져 있다. 고시조에 비해 현대시조에서는 음절 과잉 현상이 많이 일어나고 있다. 이러한 현상은 현대사회의 다양화와 다변화, 현대인의 복잡한 정서 등을 작품에 반영한 결과이다. 셋째, 종장의 종결어는 서술형과 명사형이 65% 이상이고, 연결형도 15.5% 가량 된다. 고시조의 종결사는 의문형이나 감탄형이 대부분인데 반해, 현대시조는 5.7%에 불과하다. 이것은 고시조가 청자 지향적이고 관계성을 중시한 문학이라면, 현대시조는 화자 중심적이고 개인성을 강조한 결과일 것이다. 넷째, 종장에 쓰인 문장부호의 숫자는 0개~8개까지 다양한 양상을 보여주고 있다. 고시조에 비해 문장부호를 많이 사용한 것은 문장부호가 의미를 강화하는 효과가 있다는 인식에서 비롯된 것이다. 문장부호를 통해 표현하고자 하는 의미를 보충하고 시각적 효과, 여운의 효과 등을 드러내고자 한 의도의 산물이다. 다섯째, 종장의 의미구조를 분석한 결과, ‘00/00, 0/0/00, 0/0/0/0, 00/0/0’ 형태와 같이 구(句)에 대한 인식이 분명한 것이 95% 가량이었다. 반면에 ‘0/00/0, 000/0, 0/000’ 형태와 같이 구에 대한 인식이 불분명한 것이 5% 가량이었다. 이것은 대다수 현대 시조시인들이 시조의 각 장이 2구로 구성된다는 정형성에 대한 인식을 창작에 반영한 결과이다. 다만 일부 종장에서는 시조의 정형성에서 벗어나 실험정신에 입각한 새로운 시도를 하고 있다. 이상과 같이 현대시조의 종장을 여러 측면에서 분석한 결과 그 특징은 크게 두 가지로 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 현대시조의 종장은 고시조의 정형성을 인식하고 그것을 유지하려는 노력의 결과물이다. 둘째, 현대시조의 종장은 고시조와 변별되는 형식상의 새롭고 다양한 시도를 보여주고 있다. 결론적으로 현대시조의 종장은 고시조의 정형성을 잃지 않으면서도, 동시에 창조적으로 계승하고자 하는 노력의 산물이다. The purpose of this study was to investigate characteristics that the last line of the modern sijo has as a basic step to determine the very identity of that sijo. For this purpose, this researcher selected and analyzed representative 101 pieces of the modern sijo. The findings of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the modern sijo has more diverse arrangements of the last line than the ancient sijo has. For example, that line is arranged in 1 to 5 stanzas, 1 to 6 rows or in many other ways. By the way, nearly 30% of the analyzed verses have the last line separately arranged from the first and the second lines. What is implied here is poets’ intent to make the last line more meaningful than the two others. Second, the first foot of the last line usually consists of 3 syllables, but the 2nd to 4th foot, 1 to 10 syllables. In other words, the overuse of syllables are found in the modern sijo in comparison to the ancient sijo. This may be because the modern Korean verse reflects various, diverse aspects of the modern society and emotional complexities of modern people. Third, 65% of the surveyed pieces have the ending words of the last line that are predicative or noun and 15.5%, connective. Among the pieces of the ancient sijo, more than 50% are interrogative or exclamatory in the ending words of the last line. These types are found in only 5% of the modern sijo. This may be attributed to the fact that the ancient sijo is listener-centered and relation-oriented, while the modern sijo, speaker-centered and personality-oriented. Fourth, the modern sijo has many punctuation marks, or 0 to 8 in the last line. The reason why those marks are more found in the modern sijo than in the ancient one is because there’s a recognition that punctuation marks have the effect of strengthening meanings. In other words, underlying the frequent use of punctuation marks is an intent by writers of the modern sijo to supplement meanings they wished delivering and present some visual and suggestive effects. Fifth, among the pieces of the modern sijo surveyed here, 95% are ‘00/00’ in semantic structure and 5%,‘0/000’. This suggests a notion that sijo is a fixed form of verse each of whose lines consists of 2 phrases was reflected in the creation of those pieces. On the other hand, however, it may be seen a new attempt that is experimental. When all these findings are considered, it is possible to reach a conclusion that the last line of the modern sijo largely have the following two charac teristics. First, the last line of the modern sijo is an outcome of efforts to recognize and maintain the formal fixity of the ancient sijo. Second, that last line shows new attempts in style to be discriminated from the ancient sijo. Thus, the last line of the modern sijo is the outcome of struggles to keep formal characteristics of the ancient sijo on one hand and creatively succeed them on the other hand.

명사의 특정성; 그 인지적 조건과 문법적 형식

원병관,권병철 도립 강원전문대학 2000 道立 江原專門大學 論文集 Vol.3 No.-

The usage of a definite article or an indefinite article has remained unsettled and vague not only in the hands of linguists but also in the field of English teaching as a second language. The aim in this article is to provide a more concrete and principled explanation to the definiteness of noun and the aspects of its grammatical realization. This desirable purpose starts from the cognitive concepts of 'uniqueness' and 'identifiability' of a particular referent in the minds of speech participants to see under what conditions the definite article or indefinite article can be entitled to be used for the noun concerned. It is well known that articles in English plays a functional role of referential indices to the noun they attached. In an attempt to examine the cognitive condition according to which article system will be elucidated in a more simple and exhaustive way, we take into consideration the correlations between the cognitive category of identifiability and uniqueness of referent and its grammatical category of definite and indefinite article. What is worth notifying in this article is that definiteness of noun is affirmed by way of various routes. Among them, explicit or logical uniqueness, inferential uniqueness, and representative uniqueness was the primary factors that allow the use of the definite article. Though there still remains much problems to be resolved, this article will serve as a more generalized and decisive account for the definiteness of the noun and its grammatical realization in virtue of these uniqueness conditions.

복합성 치아종

노용관,김대범,백병주 大韓小兒齒科學會 1992 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.19 No.2

The odontomas are most common odontogenic tumors composed of various tooth-like structures : enamel, dentin, cementum, pulp tissue. The etioglogy of the odontoma is not evident but it has been suggested that local trauma or infection may produced such a lesion. Clinically, they are asymptomatic, slow growing and lesions of limited growth that show no infitration to the adjacent tissues. They are dignosed most often in the second decade of life, and have no predilection for jaws. The treatment is surgical excision and there is no expectancy of recurrence or serious complications after removal.

UASB 반응조내 생물학적 거동분석을 위한 모델링

백병천,전관수 麗水水産大學校産業技術硏究所 1992 産業基術硏究所 論文集 Vol.1 No.-

Modeling made it possible to predict the behavior of constituents and microorganisms, and microorganisms, and the changes of process variables with respect to the bed height by assuming the sludge bed zone in UASB(upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor to be a series of CFSTRs(continuous flow stirred tank reactors) of which the volume is proportioned to the gas quantity passing the segmented zone. Mathematical simulations were attemped to identify the balance and distribution of the two microbial populations, which were divided into two groups of acidogenic and methanogenic bacteria, as well as the responces of reactor to the operational conditions in terms of the bed height. Considering the constituents as complex substrates composed of hydrolyzed and nonhydrolyzed materials and VFAs(volatile fatty acids), prediction of the concentration of each constituent was allowed. This reserch indicated that the UASB reactor was relatively stable to shock loading and that the lower part placed below the height of 20%-30% of the sludge bed probably served as a shock absorbing zone. About 70% of organic COD was removed in the lower 55% portion of the sludge bed height.

展開板에 대한 數値解析 : 1. 展開板 주위에서의 유체흐름의 패턴 1. Pattern of Fluid Flow besides Otter Board

高冠瑞,權炳國,盧基德 國立統營水産專門大學 附設 水産科學硏究所 1990 수산과학연구소보고 Vol.2 No.-

平板型과 彎曲型展開板 주위에서의 流體特性을 파악하기 위하여 回流水槽에서 水素氣泡法에 의한 可視化實驗을 流速 0.05 및 0.1m/sec, 迎角 0˚~45˚까지 5˚ 간격으로 流線과 타임라인에 대해서 실시하였다. 1. 彎曲型展開板에서의 流線은 영각 20˚까지는 균일한 분포를 이루다가 영각 25˚에서 後面에 인접한 流線이 翼弦長의 1/3 지점에서 剝離가 시작되며 인접한 流線은 展開板의 후면쪽으로 휘어들어가고, 그리고 영각 35˚ 이상에서는 前緣에서 부터 剝離가 시작되면 迎角이 증가할수록 剝離層이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 平板型展開板에서는 영각 20˚부터 前緣에서 渦와 剝離가 발생되며, 剝離層은 彎曲型과 마찬가지로 영각에 비례하는 것으로 나타났다. 3. 後緣에서 발생한 渦의 크기가 前緣의 것보다 약 2~3배 큰것으로 나타났다. 4. 展開板의 後緣에서 流線은 양 展開板 모두 展開板의 방향과 같은 방향으로 흐르다가 점차 유체흐름과 같은 방향이 되는 것으로 나타났다. 5. 展開板 前後面에서의 流速差는 영각 0˚~30˚에서 점차 증가하다가 영각 35˚이상에서는 그 차가 비슷하게 나타났다. 6. 영각 20˚~30˚에서 前後面의 流速差는 彎曲型의 경우 後面의 流速이 前面보다 약 1.4~1.5배 빠르게 나타났으며, 平板型은 약 1.2배 빠르게 나타났다. The authors carried out a visiualizational model test by the hydrogen bubble method to examine the pattern of the fluid flow besides the simple camber type and plane type otter board in circulation water channel. The experimental conditions are velocity of flow 0.05 and 0.1m/sec, angle of attack 0˚∼45˚(5˚step). The results obtained are as follows: 1. In the case of the simple camber type otter board located angle of attack 25˚, vortex at the leading edge was geneated at 1/2 of chord length. 2. Size of the vortex generated in the trailing edge was about 2∼3 times larger then that of the leading edge. 3. In the case of the simple camber type otter board located angle of attack 30˚, separation of stream-line at leading edge was generated at 1/3 of chord length. 4. In the case of the plane type otter board, separation of stream-line at leading edge was generated from angle of attack 20˚. 5. Nearest stream-line in the back side of the simple camber type otter board was bent in the direction of otter board when the angle of attack was 25˚ and 30˚, and in the case of plane type otter board was expanded outside of the flow direction. 6. Area separated of the simple camber type otter board at the angle of attack 30˚ was smaller then that of plane type otter board. 7. Flow speed in the back side of the simple camber type otter board was about 1.4 times faster then that in the front side, and in the case of the plane otter board about 1.2 times faster.

표면 마무리와 복합레진 수복물의 변연누출에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

노용관,김미경,백병주 全北大學校 齒醫學硏究所 1992 전북치대논문집 Vol.10 No.1

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marginal leakage of esthetic restorative materials according to the finishing and polishing technique in primary molar. 50 cavities were prepared on occlusal surface for dye penetration test and divided into 5 experimental groups according to the finishing and polishing technique : Group Ⅰ was not treatment and Group Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ were respectively finished and polished with carbide bur, sof-lex, super snap, diamond bur. All the specimens were then thermocycled in a range of 4℃∼54℃ and immersed in 2% methylen blue dye solution for 24 hours and sectioned with low speed diamond cutter into two parts under water condition. All the specimens were observed at enamel―resin interface with light microscope and statistical analysis was peformed. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The mean value of the dye penetration length was similar in each group and was not significant, statistically(P>0.05). 2. The mean value of the dye penetration score was slightly lower in group Ⅲ, but the difference was not significant statistically(P>0.05). 3. Group Ⅰ, not treated with finishing and polishing, shows slightly higher value in both dye penetration length and score of the other groups(4 groups) treated with finishing and polishing. But statistically, there was no significant difference(P>0.05).

하악골 골절의 임상적 연구

양병은,김용관,유준영,장현석 大韓顎顔面成形再建外科學會 1997 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.19 No.2

The mandible plays a crucial role in the vital human functions of breathing, eating, and speaking. No other bone in the body has such a distinctive shape and function. Because of its prominence in the facial structure, the mandible is highly prone to fracture. A chinical study on 122 patients with mandibular fracture who visited Kangnam General Hospital during 4 year(1992-1995) was done by analysing sex, age, cause, fracture site, teeth involvement, treatment method, complication and involvement of other body part. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The occurrence was more frequent in male than in female with the ratio of 5.4 : 1 and most frequently in twenties. 2. Violence was the most common cause of facial mandibular fracture. 3. In mandibular fracture, fracture site was average 1.5 sites, most frequently in symphysis and simple fracture was 86.1%. 4. As treatment methods, open reduction(78.6%) was used more frequently than closed reduction(21.4%) 5. Post-operational complication occurred in 27.0% of the cases. 6. Other injuries that were related to maxillofacial fracture occurred in 25.4%.

아동 및 청소년기의 하악각부 피질골 두께에 관한 방사선학적 연구

백병주,김미라,노용관,김문현,김재곤 大韓小兒齒科學會 1998 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.25 No.1

The purpose of this stufy was to determine the thickness of the cortical bone at the mandibular angle in children and adolescents. The subjects were composed of 153 subjects who were 3 to 17 years of age that had not been history of bone disease or metabolic disease and no dental caries or tooth loss on mandibular molars. The subjects were divided into three age groups, group Ⅰ(preschool children) was 3 to 5 years of age and group Ⅱ (school children) was 6 to 11 years of age and froup Ⅲ (adolescence) was 12 to 17 years of age. Panoramic radiographs of these patients were collected and measurements of the thickness of the cortical bone were obtained at the mandibular angle. The average thickness of the cortical bone in the group Ⅰ was 1.01±0.18 mm in boys and 1.07±0.22 mm in girls. In the group Ⅱ was 1.23±0.18 mm inboys and 1.32±0.18 mm in girls. In the group Ⅲ was 1.60±0.23 mm in boys and 1.58±0.20 mm in girls. Statistical analyses did not reveal any significant difference was exist between the right or left side of the mandible but difference was exist between the same age groups by sex, especially in group Ⅱ (p<0.01), except in group Ⅲ. The greater thickness of cortical bone in the older age group was shown to be statistically significant. The correlation coefficient between age and the thickness of the cortical bone at the mandibular angle showed a high value of r=0.76.

멀티미디어를 이용한 영어교육

원병관,권병철 도립 강원전문대학 2000 道立 江原專門大學 論文集 Vol.3 No.-

In the era of globalization and telecommunication via high technology of multimedia industry. It is imperative to apply multimedia technology to English education as we have moved in to the age of information. Majority of Korean teachers now are not comfortable with multimedia use but it will eventually enhance teaching and loaming capability. When we consider students increased interest in the Internet at most schools, it seems practical for EFL teachers to actually use Internet resources in EFL learning as CALL(Computer Assisted Language Loaming) and multimedia courseware programs develop in a rapid speed. This paper is an attempt to increase the communicative competence of our students through the multimedia English education by using authentic resources such as Internet, CD-ROM Title and courseware programs, and also look into how the multimedia approach can satisfy Krashen's theory of second language acquisition(1982), the most coherent and comprehensive theory of language acquisition. As language teaching activities based on an assumed definition of language, the audio-lingual method is based on a very limited and mechanical conception of language, but Chomsky's generative theory(1959) claims that language is rule-governed creativity in which the language user uses rules to create meaningful utterances to communicate. Krashen has put an emphasis on lowering the affective filter of the student by providing anxiety-free situation for language acquisition. Most convincing and valid theories have yielded communicative teaching approach by which subconscious acquisition and meaningful practice are focused. It is desirable that various types or kinds of courseware programs related to the English education have been developed and used in the multimedia English class of our country, and the further study about this field is required.

매복 상악 중절치와 견치의 외과적 & 교정적 처치에 관한 증례보고

백병주,노용관,김수아 大韓小兒齒科學會 1991 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.18 No.2

In dental clinics,especially in orthodotic clinics,impacted maxillary canine has many problem in making a diagnosis and treatment plan. In the treatment of the impacted maxillary canine,it should be focused on the determination and elimination of the cause that has led to such a problem,rather than think how to treat it. After elimination of the cause,following treatment procedures can be used:No treatment,Surgical treatment alone,Surgical and Orthodontic treatment,Transplantation. After treatment of impacted canine by above procedures,followings must be considered:plaque control & gingival health,poket depth,cervical bone loss,length of the clinical crown,width of the keratinized mucosa,pulp condition,root resoption & ankylosis,canine position