An Hybrid Approach to Second Language Writing

Butterfield, Anne Louise,정채관 한국영어교과교육학회 2013 영어교과교육 Vol.12 No.1

This study was instigated by the need to develop more efficient ways to teach writing to Korean university EFL students. Product versus process writing has long been debated in second language literature as teachers seek to decide which approach is better for language learners without offering significant satisfactory solutions being found. In an attempt to update the writing course for Korean EFL students at university level which had a product-based syllabus, we decided to try adding process writing techniques into the curriculum to see if this approach helped students with their academic writing skills. As we considered these changes, it was important to consider how process writing could be incorporated into the product-based course, and more importantly, how it could be adapted to suit both the wants and needs of the students. Thus, we kept some lessons regarding the mechanics of writing which students found useful, but also introduced the main elements of the process approach which are essential to good writing. The result was a writing course which incorporated the ideal aspects of both approaches. Product gives students their desired focus on accuracy while process provides opportunities to improve their fluency. This paper encourages teachers of writing to ask themselves how they can blend product and process techniques in order to create interesting and effective lessons and tasks for their students strategically.

An Hybrid Approach to Second Language Writing

Anne Louise Butterfield,Chae Kwan Jung 한국영어교과교육학회 2013 영어교과교육 Vol.12 No.1

This study was instigated by the need to develop more efficient ways to teach writing to Korean university EFL students. Product versus process writing has long been debated in second language literature as teachers seek to decide which approach is better for language learners without offering significant satisfactory solutions being found. In an attempt to update the writing course for Korean EFL students at university level which had a product-based syllabus, we decided to try adding process writing techniques into the curriculum to see if this approach helped students with their academic writing skills. As we considered these changes, it was important to consider how process writing could be incorporated into the product-based course, and more importantly, how it could be adapted to suit both the wants and needs of the students. Thus, we kept some lessons regarding the mechanics of writing which students found useful, but also introduced the main elements of the process approach which are essential to good writing. The result was a writing course which incorporated the ideal aspects of both approaches. Product gives students their desired focus on accuracy while process provides opportunities to improve their fluency. This paper encourages teachers of writing to ask themselves how they can blend product and process techniques in order to create interesting and effective lessons and tasks for their students strategically.

Comparing news articles: Why Breaking News English (BNE) may not be an authentic resource

( Anne Louise Butterfield ),( Chae Kwan Jung ) 한국중등영어교육학회 2013 중등영어교육 Vol.6 No.1

Recently Breaking News English (BNE) has been suggested by many EFL teachers as a convenient and useful resource for high-level English classes, which consist of high intermediate students who want to study authentic English texts to improve their vocabulary, reading, and speaking skills as well as cultural awareness. The aim of this study is to compare and contrast a BNE article with a comparable story from a mainstream news source in order to see how authentic the BNE article was. The comparison stemmed from the need to uncover whether BNE was a suitable resource for teachers seeking authentic reading materials for their high level language classes. For the study, we used three points of comparison to decide whether BNE could be considered a source for authentic news stories. These three points were the articles’ Narrative Structures, Underlying Ideologies, and Portrayals of the Social Actors. The study has revealed that although BNE is an excellent resource for teachers, it might not necessarily offer a good example of an authentic news article.

뉴질랜드산 라디아타소나무의 압축이상재 (壓縮異常材) , 대응재 (對應材) 및 측면재의 해부학적 특성 비교

엄영근,Butterfield, Brian G 한국목재공학회 1997 목재공학 Vol.25 No.2

뉴질랜드産 라디아타소나무의 樹幹 및 枝材에 發達되어 있는 壓縮異常材, 對應材 및 側面材의 解剖學的 特性을 光學顯微鏡, 走射電子顯微鏡 그리고 透過電子顯微鏡을 이용하여 組織學的 및 構成要素의 數量的 側面에서 比較, 檢討하였다. 組織學的인 面에서 볼 때 春材로부터 秋材로의 假導管 移行은 對應材나 側面材보다 壓縮異常材가 훨씬 더 漸進的이었다. 偏心生長으로 인해 年輪幅은 壓縮異常材가 가장 컸고 그 다음이 側面材 및 對應材의 순이었으며 秋材率 역시 壓縮異常材가 對應材 및 側面材보다 컸다. 橫斷面上 假導管 形狀面에서 壓縮異常材가 圖形을 나타내는 반면 對應材와 側面材는 角形을 띠고 있었다. 또한 壓縮異常材에서만 假導管의 細胞壁에 螺旋腔과 螺旋裂 (helical cavity and check), 슬릿(slit)形 壁孔口가 存在하였으나 S層이 缺如되어 있었으며 屈曲된 先端과 不規則한 形狀의 假導管 및 細胞間隙이 자주 觀察되었다. 直交分野 壁孔은 壓縮異常材가 가둔비나무型 그리고 對應材 및 側面材는 소나무型 壁孔을 나타냈다. 數量的 特性 면에서 볼 때 假導管의 길이는 壓縮異常材가 가장 짧고 側面材가 가장 길었으며 假導管의 壁 두께는 壓縮異常材가 對應材나 側面材보다 두꺼웠다. 垂直樹脂溝는 對應材가 그리고 水平樹脂溝(紡錐形 放射組織)는 壓縮異常材의 쪽이 많았다. 結論的으로 보면 라디아타소나무의 壓縮異常材는 근본적으로 對應材나 側面材와는 相異한 特性을 지녔으나 對應材와 側面材는 거의 類似한 特性을 共有하는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

Anatomical Comparison of Compression , Opposite , and Lateral Woods in New Zealand Rimu : Dacrydium cupressinum Lamb.

Eom, Young Geun,Butterfield, Brian. G. 한국목재공학회 2001 목재공학 Vol.29 No.3

Compression, lateral, and opposite woods in the stem and branch of rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum Lamb.), a softwood species indigenous to New Zealand, were described and compared in the anatomical aspects. Qualitatively, growth rings were wide in the compression wood, intermediate in the lateral wood, and narrow in the opposite wood. Tracheid transition from early wood to late wood was very gradual in the compression wood but was more abrupt in both the lateral and opposite woods. When viewed transversely, compression wood tracheids showed a roundish outline except at the growth ring boundary but lateral and opposite wood tracheids were angular to rectangular in outline. Intercellular spaces were occasionally detected in the compression wood except in the late wood at the growth ring boundary but were absent from both the lateral and opposite woods. Slit-like extensions of the bordered pit openings caused by the location of pit apertures within short and narrow helical grooves were observed in the compression wood tracheids but not in the opposite or lateral wood tracheids. In the compression wood tracheids, fine striations in the form of fine checks or grooves were observed on the lumen surfaces and the innermost S₃ layer of secondary wall was absent. In the tracheids of lateral and opposite woods, the S₃ layer was sometimes absent but occasionally highly developed. Cross-field pits in the compression wood appeared to be piceoid due to slit-like pit apertures but those in the lateral and opposite wood tracheids showed cupressoid to taxodioid. Quantitatively, compression wood tracheids were somewhat shorter than those of opposite or lateral wood in stem but not different from the opposite or lateral wood tracheids in branch. The walls were thicker in the compression wood than in the lateral or opposite wood. Uniseriate rays in the compression wood were fewer than in the lateral or opposite wood.

Qualitative Anatomical Comparisons of Compression , Opposite , and Lateral Woods in New Zealand Radiata Pine ( Pinus radiata D . Don )

엄영근 ( Young Geun Eom ),Brian G . Butterfield 한국목재공학회 1997 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.1997 No.-

Synthesis and X-ray structural analysis of platinum and ethynyl-platinum corannulenes: supramolecular tectons

Maag, Roman,Northrop, Brian H.,Butterfield, Anna,Linden, Anthony,Zerbe, Oliver,Lee, Young Min,Chi, Ki-Whan,Stang, Peter J.,Siegel, Jay S. Royal Society of Chemistry 2009 Organic & biomolecular chemistry Vol.7 No.23

<P>The synthesis and characterization of two direct platinum (1 and 6a/b) and three ethynyl-platinum corannulene derivatives (2, 8 and 9), bearing 2, 4, or 5 square planar platinum centers, are presented. The structure of the bowl bearing substituents remains comparable to corannulene and the dynamic behavior of the bowl inversion as assessed by VT NMR supports a persistent bowl structure in solution. These platinum-corannulenes are well-structured tectons for the future assembly of coordination Platonic polyhedra.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Direct platination of chloro and TMSethynyl corannulenes leads to new supramolecular tectons. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b916020e'> </P>

QA/QC Techniques for the Automated Hydrocarbon Monitoring Network in the UK

Rod Robinson,Tony Andrews,David Butterfield,Paul Quincey 한국대기환경학회 2001 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.17 No.1

Active Muscle and Whole Body Lactate Kinetics after Endurance Training in Men

( Bryan C. Bergman ),( Eugene E. Wolfel ),( Gail E. Butterfield ),( Gary D. Lopaschuk ),( Gretchen A. Casazza ),( Michael A. Horning ),( George A. Brooks ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 1999 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.11 No.1

We evaluated the hypotheses that endurance training decreases arterial lactate concentration ([lactate]a) during continuous exer-cise by decreasing net lactate release (L) and appearance rates (Ra) and increasing metabolic clearance rate (MCR). Measurements were made at two intensities before [45 and 65% peak O2 consumption (VO2peak)] and after training [65% pretraining VO2peak, same absolute workload (ABT), and 65% posttraining VO2peak, same relative intensity (RLT)]. Nine men (27.4 2.0 yr) trained for 9 wk on a cycle ergometer, 5 times/wk at 75% VO2peak, Compared with the 65% VO2peak:, pretraining condition (4.75 0.4 mM), [lactate]a decreased at ABT (41%) and RLT (21%) (P,0.05). L decreased at ABT but not at RLT. Leg lactate uptake and oxidation were unchanged at ABT but increased at RLT. MCR was unchanged at ABT but increased at RLT. We conclude that 1) active skeletal muscle is not solely responsible for elevated [lactate]a; and 2) training increases leg lactate clearance, decreases whole body and leg lactate production at a given moderate-intensity power output, and increases both whole body and leg lactate clearance at a high relative power output.

Effect of Sun-Dried Raisins on Bile Acid Excretion, Intestinal Transit Time, and Fecal Weight: A Dose?Response Study

Gene A. Spiller,Monica Spiller,Jon A. Story,Tanya A. Lodics,Margaret Pollack,Sharon Monyan,Gail Butterfield 한국식품영양과학회 2003 Journal of medicinal food Vol.6 No.2

The effect of increasing doses of sun-dried raisins (SDR) on intestinal transit time (TT), fe-cal weight (FW), and fecal bile acids (FBA) was investigated in 16 healthy adults (6 men and10 women). In three cycles of 2 weeks each, subjects consumed 84, 126, or 168 g/day of SDR.Four-day fecal collections were performed during the second week of each cycle, and TT, FW,and FBA were measured. FW (mean 6 SEM), increased from 168 6 14 g/day without raisins(cycle 1), with a TT of 54 6 6 hours, to 20 6 24 g/day with 168 g/day raisins (cycle 4), with aTT of 42 6 6 hours. Intermediate increases in FW and decreases in TT were observed for cy-cles 2 and 3. A physiologically meaningful decrease in TT (less than 2 days), to 4 6 6 hours,was reached at cycle 2 (not statistically significant). FBA, a possible indicator of colon cancerrisk, showed a significant decrease, from 1.00 6 0.18 mg/g wet feces at baseline to 0.38 6 0.07mg/g in cycle 2 (P , .005), and remained low in cycles 3 and 4. Major decreases were observedin cycle 2 for fecal lithocholic (P , .02), deoxycholic (P , .002), chenodeoxycholic , and cholicacids, and their concentrations remained low in cycles 3 and 4. Two servings of raisins perday (84 g/day), a relatively small change in diet, can cause beneficial changes in colon func-tion and may decrease the risk for colon cancer.87