Environmental Impact Assessment in Europe : Legal Basis and Recent Developments

Bunge, Thomas 한국환경영향평가학회 1995 환경영향평가 Vol.4 No.3

The European Community (EC) began dealing with the subject of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in the mid-1970s. After ten years of preparatory work and more than 20 draft versions, the EC Council of Ministers adopted, in 1985, the Directive on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (85/337/EEC). This directive requires the member states to make EIA mandatory for certain projects. Its Article 3 defines the purpose of the instrument: "The environmental impact assessment will identify, describe and assess the direct and indirect effects of a project. There are no rules on scoping or on post-project analysis. However, member states are free to adopt, in their domestic legislation, more stringent rules regarding the scope and procedure of EIA. Consequently, they have developed national EIA systems which differ considerably from each other. Also, EIA practice in each of these countries is different from that in the others. In 1992, the EC Council adopted the 'Flora, Fauna, Habitat' Directive which lays down an additional EIA requirement. Member states will have to develop a network of 'European' nature conservation areas. Each project or plan possibly endangering these areas will have to be assessed whether it is in line with the protection purposes laid down for them. Although the directive does not say so explicitly, this means that a kind of EIA will have to be carried out for those projects and plans. For several years, the Commission has been developing proposals for a directive on EIA of plans and programmes ("strategic EIA"). This would supplement directive 85/337/EED, and would require and EIA for plans and programmes influencing decisions on specific projects(e.g. agricultural plans or energy programmes). At present, procedural and methodological questions of strategic EIA are being discussed extensively both within and without the European Union.

低血壓과 循環器系 疾患

Bunge G. 醫藥係社 1958 綜合 醫學 Vol.3 No.8

유럽에서의 환경영향평가

Bunge, Thomas 한국환경영향평가학회 1995 환경영향평가 Vol.4 No.3

The European Community (EC) began dealing with the subject of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in the mid-1970s. After ten years of preparatory work and more than 20 draft versions, the EC Council of Ministers adopted, in 1985, the Directive on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (85/337/EEC). This directive requires the member states to make EIA mandatory for certain projects. Its Article 3 defines the purpose of the instrument: "The environmental impact assessment will identify, describe and assess the direct and indirect effects of a project. There are no rules on scoping or on post-project analysis. However, member states are free to adopt, in their domestic legislation, more stringent rules regarding the scope and procedure of EIA. Consequently, they have developed national EIA systems which differ considerably from each other. Also, EIA practice in each of these countries is different from that in the others. In 1992, the EC Council adopted the `Flora, Fauna, Habitat' Directive which lays down an additional EIA requirement. Member states will have to develop a network of `European' nature conservation areas. Each project or plan possibly endangering these areas will have to be assessed whether it is in line with the protection purposes laid down for them. Although the directive does not say so explicitly, this means that a kind of EIA will have to be carried out for those projects and plans. For several years, the Commission has been developing proposals for a directive on EIA of plans and programmes ("strategic EIA"). This would supplement directive 85/337/EED, and would require and EIA for plans and programmes influencing decisions on specific projects(e.g. agricultural plans or energy programmes). At present, procedural and methodological questions of strategic EIA are being discussed extensively both within and without the European Union.

Circulation Disorders in Aged People

BUNGE, G. 대한의학협회 1960 대한의학협회지 Vol.3 No.9

독일에서의 환경영향평가절차와 최근의 법규

Summerer, Stefan,Bunge, Thomas 한국환경영향평가학회 1993 환경영향평가 Vol.2 No.2

The following contribution deals with the objectives and scopes of the German Act on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and with the procedural implementation of this act. It begins with a presentation of the goal and content of EIA and the scope of its application. It then turns to the procedure of EIA, specially to the five distinct steps by which the EIA is to be carried out under German law. Finally some remarks are made on the role of EIA in the decision-making process and on the further development of EIA since the entry into force of the Act on EIA.

MR-histological Correlations of Wallerian Degeneration in Spinal Cord Injury

Cho, Kyoung-Suok,Bunge, Richard P.,Choi, Chang-Rak 대한신경외과학회 1996 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.25 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 척수 손상 후 위 또는 아래 level에서 wallerian degeneration의 MR 소견을 관찰하고, 척수 손상 후 magnetic resonance(MR)에 이상 소견이 나타나는 time interval 관찰하며 그리고 MR 소견과 post mortem histopathology 비교하는데 있다. 척수손상후 사망까지 생존 기간이 8일부터 22년까지 다양한 23명의 척수손상 환자에서 post mortem에 척수를 채취해서 T1과 T2 weighted MR imaging 얻었고, 조직검사는 MR section과 같은 level에서 axon, myelin, connective tissue stain 실시하여 MR 소견과 비교하였다. 결과는 척수손상 후 7주 이후에 사망한 모든 예에서, 손상된 척수 위 level의 dorsal column과 아래 level의 lat, corticospinal tract에서 MR 소견상 increased signal intensity 나타났다. 그리고 손상 후 8일만에 사망한 예에서는 MR 소견상 변화는 없지만, 조직 검사상 wallerian degeneration이 손상의 위 level dorsal column에서는 나타났지만 아래 level의 lat, corticospinal tract에서는 보이지 않았다. 그러나 12일 후 사망한 예에서는 wallerian degeneration이 척수손상 위 dorsal column과 아래 lat, corticospinal tract에서 MR의 이상 소견이 보였다. 결론적으로 척수손상 후 Wallerian degeneration이 나타나지만, 손상 level 위의 dorsal column과 아래의 lat, corticospinal tract의 wallerian degeneration은 최소한 7주 이상이 지나야 MR에서 변화가 보인다. MR로서 wallerian degeneration 관찰함으로 척수손상의 정확한 분석과, epicenter로부터 멀리 떨어진 부위의 MR signal 변화의 설명, 그리고 나아가서는 치료의 평가에도 유용하게 이용될 것으로 생각된다. The purpose of this study were to describe the magnetic resonance(MR) manifestations of wallerian degeneration occurring above and below a spinal cord injury site, to determine the post-injury time interval when the wallerian degeneration becomes evident in MR images, and to correlate the MR findings with post mortem histopathology. Twenty-three postmortem spinal cords, all from patients with cervical (14), thoracic (5), and lumbar (4) cord, injuries, were studied with axial T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo MR imaging. Injury to death intervals varied from 8 days to 22 years. We examined these specimen for abnormal cord contour and alteration of signal above and below the injury site. Histological studies of these cords with axon, myelin, and connective tissue stains were performed at levels equivalent to the MR sections. Studies using plastic embedded sections and antibodies to Glial Fibrillarg Acetic Protein(GF AP) were also performed on some of the above cords. Pathological-imaging correlations were made. MR images of the cord specimen showed increased signal intensity in the dorsal columns above the injury level as well as in the lateral corticospinal tracts below the injury level in all cases in which cord injury had occurred seven or more weeks premortem. In one case where cord injury had occurred eight days prior to death the MR showed no signal abnormalites : histological analysis showed evidence of early wallerian degeneration in the dorsal columns above the lesion but no change was detected in the lateral columns below the lesion. After 12 days, early stage wallerian degeneration was detected by histological examination in both the lateral columns below the lesion and in the dorsal columns above the lesion. Wallerian degeneration in spinal cords, as demonstrated by histological examination, was identified on MR as areas of increased T2 weighted signal intensity site in the dorsal column above the injury site and in the corticospinal tracts below the injury site in all specimen in which the injury-to-death interval was greater than 7 weeks. The ability to recognize wallerian degeneration on MR allows a more comprehensive analysis of the injury, explains abnormal MR signals at sites that are remote from the epicenter of injury, and may be helpful in the assessing of results of therapeutic interventions.

Leakage and swell in emulsion liquid membrane systems: Comparing continuous stirred-tank reactor and batch experiments

Randolph M. Pfeiffer,Annette L. Bunge 한국공업화학회 2020 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.87 No.-

Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) systems can efficiently extract and concentrate dilute solutes in avariety of applications and chemistries. Internal phase leakage and swell reduce extraction efficiency andconcentration, which limits their use. Nearly all studies of ELM leakage and swell have been conducted inbatch systems, although continuousflow systems are preferred for industrial applications. The objectiveof this investigation was to assess the ability of batch experiments to predict continuous systemperformance with respect to internal phase leakage and swell. The effects offive factors (surfactantconcentration, osmotic pressure, membrane viscosity, internal phase volume fraction, and extractionvessel stir rate) on leakage and swell were measured in a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) systemwithout solute extraction. The results were compared with those reported previously for a batch systemwith the same experimental conditions and vessel geometry. Overall, the effects of thefive factors in theCSTR system are qualitatively consistent with the batch system observations, suggesting that theinfluential variables in the batch system are similarly influential in the CSTR system. Leakage and swell inthe CSTR and batch systems are correlated with similar amounts of swell in both systems but consistentlysmaller leakage in the CSTR configuration.

경련 질환 환아의 정신병리와 신경학적 요인과의 관계에 대한 연구

김붕년,조수철,황용승 대한소아ㆍ청소년정신의학회 1996 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.7 No.1

불어 전접대명사에 관한 고찰 : Pronominalisation enclitique de a SN complement a SN type를 중심으로

장병기,김상희 釜山大學校 1983 人文論叢 Vol.23 No.1

韓國 中小企業의 海外直接投資動機와 經濟的 效果에 관한 硏究

金炳淳 단국대학교 1994 論文集 Vol.28 No.-

The phenomenon of foreign direct investment (FDI) from developimg courtries has appeared strikingly since the late 1970s. In very recent years, firms origination from newly industrializing countries(NICs) such as Korea and Taiwan have increased FDI dramatically in other developing countries and, in many instances, in developed countries. Consequently, there is a growing tide of new interest in the rise of FDI from the NICs. The main purpose of this study is to examine the phenomenon generally called foreign direct investment in a concrete case of present Korean smaller businesses, and reconsiders the phenomenon of direct investment in the light of internationalization strategy of firms. This paper begins with examining the motives of foreign direct investment, in particular Korean smaller businesses. Given the fact the Korea's foreign direct investment sharply increased in recent years, Korea is still in the early stage of development. But the relative weight of smaller businesses in Korea's foreign direct investment abruptly increased since the late 1980's. Their share is especially high in direct investment by manufacturing firms going to ASEAN countries, china etc. This situation is in sharp contrast to the situation of some other countries where large firms are dominant in foreign direct investment. One of the major factors behind this phenomenon is that real wages were rising sharply in Korea recently. Thus Korea's comparative advantage pattern was changing, and labor-intensive industries within Korea were losing price competitiveness in export markets. In recent years many Korean smaller businesses considered and undertook foreign direct investment as an important part of their internationalization strategies. In the following pages, I shall first present the motives and reasons for survival of foreign direct investment in manufacturing by Korea smaller businesses. Then, I shall present some policy issues with regard to international business management of Korean firms. Much of the theory of FDI starts from the assumption that certain firms have some sort of special assets that give them a competitive edge abroad. Unlike the large multinational companies which have monopolistic advantages, firms from developing countries have few advantages over other firms before they can operate successfully abroad. If certain firms from developing countries such as Korean smaller businesses have special assets that enable them to gain competitive advantage abroad, what are they? Korean FDI thus for are mainly directed to developing countries. In recent years, Korean firms have started to invest in local manufacturing in developed country markets. This phenomenon is considered as reverse investment which was unthinkable. What are the factors which explain this pattern of Korean FDI? The results of this study are as follows. The major motives of foreign direct investment include ①lower labor costs, ②to circumvent tariffs and quotas imposed by developed countries, ③defending the existing market by directly investing there. ④to open up new markets by directly investing there etc. The results of this study are largely in line with our a priori interpretation of the phenomenon of Korea's direct investment. This results suggest that labor costs are very important considerations for making foreign direct investment. The results also indicate that production in overseas subsidiaries is mainly intended for exports. Meanwhile, the main sources of competitive advantages of Korean FDI include ①scanning ability of business opportunities and willingness to take risk, ②personal devotion to the project by the top manager and/or by Korean dispatched to the subsidiary. Besides the personnel resources. ①the adaptability to the local economy, ②appropriate technology suited to developing countries, ③marketing efforts etc. was the important factors influencing competitive advantages. In sum, Korean smaller businesses went abroad without any particular advantages. The firm undertaking FDI in the beginning is often a Schumpeterian innovator, and was accumulating managerial resources to compete successfully over local competitiors. But Korean smaller businesses which follow the leader will probably be unprofitable and will lose its competitive advantage sooner or later, Consequently, it is necessary to foster the international manager as an expert and to establish the system to collect a proper information. Also, Korean firms must endeavor to create and asset or skill that is not possessed by local firm. It is of importance to pursue foreign direct investment in the light of long-term strategical outlook.