De-Marketing Tobacco and Alcohol - Why Prevention Efforts Should Target Young Children

Merrie Brucks 한국마케팅과학회 2006 한국마케팅과학회 학술대회 발표 논문집 Vol.- No.-

Programs to prevent underage teenagers from unhealthy use of alcohol and tobacco have typically focused on proximal (i.e., immediate) factors related to the likelihood of experimentation by teenagers. By teenagers" own reports, these proximal causes are peer pressure, availability in the household, and availability from retailers. In contrast, this paper explores the potential of prevention efforts focusing on temporally distal (i.e., much earlier) factors relating to use initiation. This perspective has received relatively little attention since teenagers themselves probably do not understand how their beliefs and attitudes were influenced at younger ages.

Children"s Understandings of Cigarette Advertisements - Fostering Brand-Specific Demand vs. Promoting Smoking In General

Dan Freeman,Merrie Brucks,Melanie Wallendorf,Wendy Boland 한국마케팅과학회 2006 한국마케팅과학회 학술대회 발표 논문집 Vol.- No.-

Objective - To determine the nature of cigarette advertising’s influence on children’s smoking related perceptions. Specifically, does cigarette advertising affect children’s brand specific perceptions or their perceptions of smoking in general? Design & Setting - Active consent procedures were used to recruit a convenience sample of 241 participants (100 - 7 to 8 year olds and 141 - 10 to 11 year olds) from three elementary schools in the southwestern United States. Each participant viewed a series of cigarette and non tobacco related advertisements and indicated what they thought each advertisement was trying to sell. Each response was coded into one of three categories reflecting important differences in children’s understandings of the advertisement - no understanding, product category understanding, and brand understanding. Results - Results show that children typically understand the type of product an advertisement is attempting to promote. Importantly, the levels of brand understanding observed for the cigarette advertisements were low in an absolute sense (3% for 7 to 8 year olds; 15.2% for 10 to 11 year-olds), and significantly lower than brand understanding for non tobacco advertisements. Conclusion - Children under age 12 appear likely to understand cigarette advertisements as promoting smoking in general, as opposed to promoting specific brands of cigarettes. Consequently, each exposure to an advertisement is likely to have a cumulative influence on children’s perceptions of the attractiveness of smoking and may render them open to future experimentation. The question of whether tobacco advertising attracts new cigarette smokers or merely encourages existing users to switch brands is central to controversies about governmental regulation of tobacco promotion. Tobacco companies have long argued that cigarette advertisements are intended to “to get smokers of competitive products to switch” [19] rather than increasing the number of individuals who smoke[17-18]. However, numerous prospective and cross sectional studies show that exposure to tobacco advertising is positively associated with tobacco use initiation by youth (CITE Di Franza et al. 2006). Thus, while tobacco advertising may be intended to induce brand switching, * it also encourages children and adolescents to start smoking. It is therefore disturbing to note that despite legal settlements and strict government regulations, children in many countries continue to be exposed to cigarette advertising in magazines [7-8] and at point of sale [9-11]. In developing countries Outside of North America and Europe, children may be are often exposed to tobacco advertising and promotion with little protection at all (CITE). To maximize the effectiveness of tobacco use prevention programs and the persuasiveness of calls for advertising regulation, it is necessary to uncover the psychological processes through which know how exposure to tobacco advertising causes contributes to tobacco use initiation by youth. Extant research suggests that exposure to cigarette advertising heightens children"s curiosity about smoking (CITES), fosters positive user imagery (CITES), and creates expectations about the instrumental value of smoking in meeting social and psychological needs (CITES). Most studies appear to suggest that these effects are brand specific in nature. For example, young children show considerable ability to recognize cigarette brand logos (CITES) and exposure to cigarette advertisements fosters positive imagery about users of the brand (e.g., exposure to a Benson & Hedges advertisement leads to the perceptions that the brand"s users are relaxed, interesting, cool, and rich). However, it is important to note that prior research has tended to utilize brand specific methods that cannot do not allow for the ddetect etection of advertising"s eff

Methods and Tools for Technology Invariant IC-Layout Optimization

Bruck, Rainer,Reusch, Bernd 대한전자공학회 1991 ICVC : International Conference on VLSI and CAD Vol.2 No.1

Frequent modifications of IC-fabrication technologies pose special requirements on novel CAD-tools to keep them useful over many generations of technologies. Technology Invariant CAD-tools are designed to be adaptable to the needs of emerging technologies. To achieve technology invariance CAD-tools should be based on concurrently geometric and symbolic data management, a powerful technology specification mechanism and powerful geometric algorithms that cope with complex non-Manhattan-geometries. This paper describes the fundamentals of technology invariant CAD-tools and presents a technology invariant technology mapping system that has been designed at our site.

Chaptalia nutans Polak: Root Extract Has High In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Low Cytotoxicity In Vivo

Letiele Bruck de Souza,Amanda Leitão Gindri,Thainara de Andrade Fortes,Jefferson Enderle,Rafael Roehrs,Vanusa Manfredini,Elton Luís Gasparotto Denardin 한국식품영양과학회 2021 Journal of medicinal food Vol.24 No.2

The Asteraceae family is widely known for its therapeutic, aromatic, and nutritional properties. Chaptalia nutans (C. nutans), a member of the family, is widely used in folk medicine in southern Brazil. In this study, we aim to assess compounds present in root extracts of C. nutans, and evaluate their antioxidant capacity and toxicity. To determine the chemical composition of the extract, was performed through Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy. Antioxidant capacity, toxicity (Artemia salina biosassay), cytotoxicity, genotoxicity (Allium cepa test), and neurotoxicity (Drosophila melanogaster model) were evaluated. A large number of bioactive phytoconstituents were determined to be present, such as alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, terpenes, and especially phenolic compounds, which may explain the antioxidant capacity of the extract. Extracts had the capacity to protect cells from protein and lipid damage, and inhibit the formation of oxygen radicals. The A. salina bioassay revealed that extracts were only slightly toxic. In A. cepa, cells exposed to 1.5 mg/mL extract were protected against chromosomal damage caused by glyphosate, and had mitotic index values that were reduced by 49%. A concentration of 10 mg/mL extract did not kill flies, and when coadministered with paraquat (PQ) (52.5%) produced a mortality rate of only 18.75%. These findings indicated that the extract had the potential to protect against PQ-induced neurotoxicity. Taken together, these data reveal for the first time that the root extract of C. nutans is a rich source of natural antioxidants. The extract may be useful in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Multiferroic CoFe2O4-Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Nanostructures

Pham Duc Thang,Mai T. N. Pham,G. Rijnders,D. H. A. Blank,Nguyen Huu Duc,J. C. P. Klaasse,E. Bruck 한국물리학회 2008 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.52 No.5

Multiferroic CoFe₂O₄-Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ films were prepared on TiO₂-terminated (001) Nb-doped SrTiO3 substrates by using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The lms were epitaxial and exhibited a large in-plane magnetic anisotropy and good ferroelectric properties. A decrease in the magneti- zation around the ferroelectric Curie temperature indicated magnetoelectric coupling between the magnetostrictive and the piezoelectric phases, which allows interconversion of energy stored in the electric and the magnetic elds and provides great potential for applications as next-generation multi-functional devices. Multiferroic CoFe₂O₄-Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ films were prepared on TiO₂-terminated (001) Nb-doped SrTiO3 substrates by using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The lms were epitaxial and exhibited a large in-plane magnetic anisotropy and good ferroelectric properties. A decrease in the magneti- zation around the ferroelectric Curie temperature indicated magnetoelectric coupling between the magnetostrictive and the piezoelectric phases, which allows interconversion of energy stored in the electric and the magnetic elds and provides great potential for applications as next-generation multi-functional devices.