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返本開新 : 從顔元的習行哲學看明末淸初的思想特点 근본으로 돌아가 새로운 것을 개척한다 Fronteering through Return to the Root
안병강 慶尙大學校 南冥學硏究所 2004 남명학연구 Vol.18 No.-
顔元은 중국 명말청초의 걸출한 사상가이자 교육가였다. 그는 야심찬 기백으로 2천여 년 동안의 학술 권위에 도전하고, 2천 년 동안 열지 못한 입을 열었고, 2천년 동안 대지 못한 붓을 대었다. 그는 漢學과 宋明理學을 맹렬하게 비판하고, 周公·孔子의 正學으로 되돌아갈 것을 강렬히 요구하였다. 그는 '復古'의 깃발을 내세워 유학의 새로운 형태에 대하여 탐구하였다. 그의 사상은 한 마디로 返本開新으로 특징지울 수 있다. 이런 사상을 근본으로 한 그의 사상적 특징을 좀더 구체적으로 살펴보면 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 명말청초의 사상적 특징은 천하의 일을 자신의 임무로 하는 유학자들이 사회적 책임의식을 강하게 전개한 점인데, 안원에게서 그런 의식이 뚜렷이 나타난다. 안원은 "성인의 책을 읽으면 세상을 바꾸는 사람이 되어야지, 세상에 따라 바뀌는 사람이 되어서는 안 된다."라고 하여, 적극적인 사회 개혁을 주창하였다. 이처럼 그의 사상에 있어 가장 중요한 특징 중 하나가 세상을 바꾸자는 사회개혁사상이다. 둘째, 그의 사상에는 깊은 반성과 주체적 자각이 자리하고 있다. 안원은 이론을 내세울 때는 옳고 그른 점만 따져보고 같고 다른 점은 따지지 않았다고 한다. 이는 그의 학술적 자각이다. 또 안원은 옳은 것이라면 비록 한두 사람의 견해일지라도 바꿀 수 없다고 하였으니, 이는 높은 학문적 주체의식이다. 이런 반성과 주체적 자각을 통해 안원은 송명이학은 물론 한학까지도 철저히 비판하였다. 셋째, 안원은 배워서 실제에 응용하는 것을 중시하여, 用을 본체로 삼고 用을 학문으로 삼았다. 그는 兵·農·錢·穀·水·火·工·虞를 體이면서 用으로 보아, 體와 用을 하나로 보았다. 그의 習行哲學은 이런 사상에 기반하고 있다. 이러한 그의 사상적 특징으로부터 명말청초 중국철학의 새로운 동향을 엿볼 수 있다. 그런데 그가 숭상하고 실행한 習行哲學은 外在的인 사회에서는 그 결과를 볼 수 없었고, 학문 안에서만 탐구할 수밖에 없었다. Ahn, Won(顔元) who lived in the period from late Myoung to early Choung dynasty(明末淸初) was not only an outstanding scholar but also an educator. He challenged the academic authority, and opened the closed mouth, and held the not to be raised pen for two millenium, with his ambitious spirit. He claimed the returning to the study of Jeong-hak(正學) while criticizing anger the Han-hak(漢學) and the Song-myoung-ri-hak(宋明理學). His ideology characterized to 'Returning to the Root & Renewing(反本開新)' in a word. The concrete features of this ideology of him are summarized as follows; First, the academic features of from late Myoung to early Choung dynasty represented that the scholars who regarded the matter of grave concern to the state as their duty developed the social duty consciousness, Aim-won shows the same tendency. He initiated the theory of active social revolution, with saying "A person who read the book of saint must be a revolutionist not to be a traitor." Like this way, the most important feature of his ideology is the social revolution. Second, it take root a deep reflection and active self-awareness in his ideology. People say that he inquired into right or wrong not into same or differ when suggesting a theory. This is the very ideological self-awareness. And he shows outstanding academic self-confidence while saying, "It can not be modified the truth although it derived from minority." Ahn, Won criticized thoroughly Han-hak(漢學) and Song-myoung-ri-hak(宋明理學) with these selt-reflection and self-awareness. Third, he paid attention to the practice which of the application of learning, and he made the Funtion(用) to his study way. Moreover, he regarded that the Funtion and the Thing(體) as same thing such as military(兵), agriculture(農,) finance(錢,) grain(穀), irrigation(水), fire (火), mechanics(工), nature(虞). His practical philosophy is based on this ideology. We can observe a new tendency of China in the period from late Myoung to early Choung dynasty from these ideological features. However, the practical philosophy which respected and practiced by him, it could not produced its result in real society and just be researched in the area of academy.
Simple PSO Algorithm with Opposition-based Learning Average Elite Strategy
Bing AI,Ming-Gang DONG,Chuan-Xian JANG 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.9 No.6
Due to the slow convergent speed of particle and easily get trapped in the local optima, a novel simple PSO algorithm with opposition-based learning average elite strategy is proposed. In this algorithm, a particle updating formula of the simplified swarm optimization (sPSO) algorithm is adopted. Moreover, the opposition-based learning elite strategy and Gaussian disturbance are exerted on the personal best particles and then replace personal best particle of sPSO with the average of elite opposite solutions with Gaussian disturbance of personal best particles. The adjustment of inertia weight is based on setting a threshold and then the inertia weight selects each mode adaptively according to its current state. A set of experimental results on benchmark functions demonstrate that the proposed PSO algorithm is an effective and efficient approach for optimization problems. Furthermore, the T-test analysis shows that the proposed algorithm is able to achieve better results.
Baimantuoluosides D-G, Four New Withanolide Glucosides from the Flower of Datura metel L.
Bing-you Yang,Yong-gang Xia,Qiu-hong Wang,De-qiang Dou,Hai-xue Kuang 대한약학회 2010 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.33 No.8
In our search for bioactive anti-psoriasis compounds from the flower of Datura metel L, we isolated four new withanolide glucosides, baimantuoluosides D, E, F and G (1-4). The structures of the new compounds are (5α,6α,7β,22R)-5,6,7,27-tetrahydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,24-dien-27-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), (5α,6β,7α,22R)-5,6,7,27-tetrahydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,24-dien-27-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), (5α,6β,7α,12β,22R)-5,6,7,12,27-pentahydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,24-dien-27-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), and (5α,6β,22R)-5,6,27-trihydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,24-dien-27-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4) on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence.
Workspace analysis of 3-CPS parallel micro-manipulator for mirror active adjusting platform
Gang Cheng,Bing-jing Qiu,De-hua Yang,Hou-guang Liu 대한기계학회 2013 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.27 No.12
In order to adjust telescope mirrors with high precision, a 3 cylindrical-prismatic-spherical (CPS) parallel micro-manipulator with 6 degrees-of-freedom (DOF) and partial decoupling is proposed. Structure characteristics of the micro-manipulator were analyzed and the kinematic equations were derived based on Euler method. To avoid tedious derivation, Jacobian matrix with screw theory representing the input and output relation of micro-manipulator is established by using velocity influence coefficient method. Combining topological structure characteristics of the 3-CPS parallel micro-manipulator, the solving procedures of workspace are obtained. Moreover, the position workspace with a given orientation and the orientation workspace with a given translation position are constructed by numerical simulations. The workspace range is chosen as the optimization goal of structure parameters, and the circumcircle radius ratio of base and moving platform and the lengths of each sub-link are optimized. The maximum condition number and the minimum singular value are chosen as the precision indexes to analyze the precision performance of the workspace. Then, the properties of the position workspaces with various orientations and the orientation workspaces with various positions are simulated numerically, and the simulation results prove that the 3-CPS parallel micro-manipulator has an ability to achieve high precision operations. This research provides a workspace modeling and optimization method for the practical application in telescope mirror adjustment or other fields requiring high precision.
( Bing Qing Du ),( Yue Ming Yang ),( Yong Hua Chen ),( Xu Bao Liu ),( Gang Mai ) The Editorial Office of Gut and Liver 2013 Gut and Liver Vol.7 No.3
Background/Aims: To investigate the beneficial effect of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) on pancreatic microvascular perfusion in acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP). Methods: Fifty-four rats were divided into a control group, an ANP group and an NAC-treated group. The ANP model was established by a retrograde injection of 3% sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic duct. The NAC-treated group received an intravenous infusion of NAC just 2 hours before and 30 minutes after the induction of ANP. The pancreatic microvascular perfusion was measured with laser Doppler flowmetry and pancreatic samples were collected for histological examination. Results: The microvascular perfusion in the NAC-treated group decreased slightly and exhibited a significant increase compared to the ANP group (p<0.01). A pathological examination revealed that edema and inflammatory infiltration decreased, and the hemorrhaging and necrosis of the pancreas were significantly reduced. Conclusions: NAC could improve pancreatic microvascular perfusion and alleviate the severity of sodium taurocholate-induced ANP, possibly representing a new therapeutic approach to prevent the progression of ANP. (Gut Liver 2013; 7:357-362)