Lithium - A Critical Metal for Clean Energy Technologies: A Comprehensive Review on Challenges and Opportunities for Securing Lithium from Primary and Secondary Resources

Basudev Swain,김민석,이찬기,정경우,이재천 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2019 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.28 No.5

Due to the increasing demand for clean energy, the consumption of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is expected to grow steadily. Therefore, stable supply of lithium is becoming an important issue globally. Commercially, most of lithium is produced from the brine and minerals viz., spodumene, although various processes/technologies have been developed to recover lithium from other resources such as low grade ores, clays, seawaters and waste lithium ion batteries. In particular, commercialization of such recycling technologies for end-of-life LIBs being generated from various sources including mobile phones and electric vehicles (EVs), has a great potential. This review presents the commercial processes and also the emerging technologies for exploiting minerals and brines, besides that of newly developed lithium-recovery-processes for the waste LIBs. In addition, the future lithium- supply is discussed from the technical point of view. Amongst the emerging processes being developed for lithium recovery from low-grade ores, focus is mostly on the pyro-cum-hydrometallurgical based approaches, though only a few of such approaches have matured. Because of low recycling rate (<1%) of lithium globally compared to the consumption of lithium ion batteries (56% of lithium produced currently), processing of secondary resources could be foresighted as the grand opportunity. Considering the carbon economy, environment, and energy concerns, the hydrometallurgical process may potentially resolve the issue.

High-flux Cold Rubidium Atomic Beam for Strongly-coupled Cavity QED

Basudev Roy,Michael Scholten 한국물리학회 2012 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.61 No.3

This paper presents a setup capable of producing a high-flux continuous beam of cold rubidium atoms for cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments in the region of strong coupling. A 2D⁺ magneto-optical trap (MOT), loaded with rubidium getters in a dry-film-coated vapor cell, fed a secondary moving-molasses MOT (MM-MOT) at a rate greater than 2 × 10¹⁰ atoms/s. The MMMOT provided a continuous beam with a tunable velocity. This beam was then directed through the waist of a cavity with a length of 280 μm, resulting in a vacuum Rabi splitting of more than ±10 MHz. The presence of a sufficient number of atoms in the cavity mode also enabled splitting in the polarization perpendicular to the input. The cavity was in the strong coupling region, with an atom-photon dipole coupling coefficient g of 7 MHz, a cavity mode decay rate κ of 3 MHz, and a spontaneous emission decay rate Υ of 6 MHz.

The E-waste Monster is out to Get Us; How Big the Evil Is?

( Basudev Swain ),( Chan Gi Lee ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2019 No.-

The global electrical and electronic equipment market has grown exponentially and is growing. Because of lifestyle and rapid development of technology the lifespan of these products has become increasingly shorter. Most of these products are ending up as waste, posing tremendous challenge around the world. Our e-waste is giving birth to a deadly monster, the evil is a global killer, spread in all continent over the world and spreading. Current discussion highlights the size of e-waste, the evil associated with e-waste, the disasters caused by e-waste directly and indirectly. Currently, to the tune of ~50 million metric tons of e-waste generated yearly which could be equivalent to 5000 Eiffel tower. In general, the brutal consequence of the waste includes DNA, brain, kidney, liver, and respiratory damage. The more particularly harmful effect of individual metal is even more extensive. The harmful effects of exposure to Mo most apparent damage the bones, liver, and kidneys. Environment concern of Cu includes Wilson’s Disease, characterized by hepatic cirrhosis, brain damage, demyelization, renal disease, and Cu deposition in the cornea. The uptake of tin is associated with several long term effects such as depressions, liver damage, malfunctioning of immune systems, chromosomal damage, shortage of red blood cells and brain damage (causing anger, sleep disorders, forgetfulness, and headaches). Al is a neurotoxin, able to cause brain disorder (encephalopathy).

Recycling and Valorization of Polyvinyl Butyral from Waste Automotive Laminated Glass through Mechanochemical Separation

( Basudev Swain ),( Jae Layng Park ),( Chan Gi Lee ),( Hyun Seon Hong ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2015 한국폐기물자원순환학회 3RINCs초록집 Vol.2015 No.-

Stringent environmental directive, higher land cost eliminates land filling option, needs a sustainable, environment friendly technology to recycle end-of-life automotive laminated glass. In our current study, we have developed a mechanochemical separation process to separate PVB resins from glass and characterized the separated PVB through various techniques, i.e., scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Commercial nonionic surfactants D201 used for the mechanochemical separation purpose. Through parameter optimization following conditions are considered to be the optimum condition; 30 Vol % D201, stirring speed of 400 rpm, 35 ℃ temperature, operation time 1 h, and dilute D201 volume to waste automotive laminated glass weight ratio of □ 25. The technology developed in our laboratory is sustainable, environment friendly, techno-economical feasible process, capable of mass production (recycling).

Mechanical beneficiation of ITO concentrates from waste LCD panel for industrial scale indium valorization

( Basudev Swain ),( Jae Ryang Park ),( Jong Hyun Park ),( Chan Gi Lee ),( Eun Duck Park ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2022 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2022 No.-

Currently, more than 55% of global indium production is consumed for indium tin oxide (ITO) production because of its excellent display properties mainly driven by demand for flat panel displays (FPDs) or LCDs. At the end of life, the waste LCD flows to the e-waste stream, accounts for 12.5% of the global e-waste, and is forecasted to be increasing progressively. These waste LCDs are potential wealth for indium that poses a threat to the environment. The volume of waste LCD generation is a global as well as national concern from a waste management perspective. Techno-economical recycling of this waste can be a panacea to the challenges associated with the lack of commercial technology and extensive research. Hence, a mass production capable beneficiation and classification of ITO concentrate from waste LCD panels has been investigated. The mechanical beneficiation process for waste LCDs consists of five steps of operation, i.e., (i) size reduction by shredding by jaw milling, (ii) further size reduction to feed for ball milling, (iii) ball milling, (iv) classification and (v) characterization ITO concentrate and confirmation. The bench-scale process developed is intended to integrate with our indigenously developed dismantling plant (which can handle 5000 tons per annum) to handle separated waste LCD glass for indium recovery. Once scaled up it can be integrated for continuous operation synchronized with the LCD dismantling plant. In the current investigation waste LCD panel, which were separated from waste LCD TV in an indigenously developed plant (which can handle 5000 tons per annum) classified and beneficiated to enrich the ITO concentrate. Followed by ITO enrichment, ITO bearing waste LCD concentrate was conformed through extensive characterization. The novelty of the current research is the developed process can easily to scaled up to match our indigenously developed LCD dismantling plant (which can dismantle 5000 tons per annum) to handle separated waste LCD glass for indium recovery.

Development of Eco-efficient and Cost-effective Valorization Technology for Various E-(industry) waste

( Basudev Swain ),( Jin-ho Yoon ),( Kyung-soo Park ),( Seyul Kim ),( Chan Gi Lee ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2019 No.-

Techno-economic environment-friendly commercial valorizations processes have been developed for various values recovery from different e-(industry) waste, such as Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) etching industry wastewater, ITO of waste LCD glass, waste light-emitting diode (LED), low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC), waste thermoelectric chips and metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) dust to address environment, waste, energy and circular economy. Mainly hydrometallurgy or hydrometallurgy focused process has been developed for metal values recovery like In, Ga, Ag, Be, and Te. Mainly, the e-waste was treated two different strategies like; (i) leaching-solvent extraction-stripping, and (ii) leaching-precipitation-wet chemical reduction. From ITO glass for indium recovery the optimum conditions are such; lixiviant of 5 M HCl, a pulp density of 500 g/L, a temperature of 75 °C, agitation speed of 500 rpm, and a process time of 2 h. From ITO leach liquor using D2EPHA impurities, metal can be separated leaving In in solution, which can be purified using Cyanex 272, then recovered by HCl stripping. From MOCVD waste, Ga and In were leached using 4 M HCl, solid/liquid ratio of 50g/L, 100 oC and stirring rate of 400 rpm. Subsequently, high pure Ga-In can be recovered by solvent extraction. From LTCC, the Ag was recovered by leachingprecipitation- wet chemical reduction process and valorized through the synthesis of Ag nano-powder.

Extraction/Separations of Cobalt by Supported Liquid Membrane: A Review

Basudev Swain,Hyun-Woo Shim,이찬기 한국화학공학회 2019 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.57 No.3

Extraction/separation of cobalt by supported liquid membrane has been reviewed. The review discusses various directions associated with the supported liquid membrane process, such as the kind of supported liquid membrane, the principle of supported liquid membrane, transport mechanism involved, and the advantages and disadvantages of the supported liquid. Finally, extraction and separation of cobalt from other metals using extractant through supported liquid membrane have been reviewed. Separation of cobalt using various reagents and cobalt recovery from scrap using commercial extractant can be a potential perspective from the application of supported liquid membrane application.

용매추출에 의한 코발트 분리 기술

( Basudev Swain ),조성수 ( Sung Soo Cho ),이계호 ( Gae Ho Lee ),이찬기 ( Chan Gi Lee ),엄성현 ( Sunghyun Uhm ) 한국공업화학회 2015 공업화학 Vol.26 No.6

용매추출에 의한 코발트 분리 기술에 대해 리뷰하였고 특히 다양한 시약을 사용한 코발트의 분리 및 상용 추출용제를사용하여 스크랩으로부터의 코발트 회수기술에 대하여 분석하였다. 코발트 분리 능력은 phosphinic > phosphonic > phosphoric acid 순으로 정리되며, 이것은 유기상내에 추출용제와 존재하는 코발트의 사면체 배위 화합물의 안정성이증가하기 때문이다. 용매의 조성에 따라 달라지지만 주로 Cyanex 272, D2EPHA 및 PC 88A와 같은 상용 추출용제 등이상용 추출 공정에서 우선적으로 사용되어야 하며, 다양한 조합을 효과적으로 관리한다면 코발트 함유 스크랩과 관련한 다양한 분리기술 문제점들을 해결할 수 있을 것이다. Extraction/separation of cobalt by solvent extraction is reviewed. Separation of cobalt using various reagents and also cobalt recovery from scrap using commercial extractant were analyzed. The separation ability for cobalt followed the order of phosphinic > phosphonic > phosphoric acid due to the increasing stabilization of tetrahedral coordination of cobalt complexes with the extractant in the organic phase. Depending upon the solution composition, commercial extractants like Cyanex 272, D2EPHA and PC 88A should primarily be used for commercial extraction processes and also the efficient management of their combination could address various separation issues associated with cobalt bearing scrap.

1LL-2 Recycling of Waste Low-Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic (LTCC) and Selective Recovery of silver through hydrometallurgy and wet chemical reduction hybrid process

( Basudev Swain ),신동윤,주소영,안낙균,이찬기,윤진호 한국공업화학회 2017 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2017 No.0

Understanding the Isothermal Growth Kinetics of Cdse Quantum Dots Through Microfluidic Reactor Assisted Combinatorial Synthesis

Basudev Swain,Myung Hwan Hong,Lee-Seung Kang,Chan Gi Lee 한국물리학회 2016 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.69 No.9

With the use of a microfluidic-assisted combinatorial reactor, the synthesis of CdSe quantum dots was optimized by varying one parameter at a time, and the isothermal growth kinetics of CdSe quantum dots using various models was analyzed. To understand precisely the nucleation and growth characteristics of CdSe quantum dots (QDs), we synthesized the CdSe QDs using various experimental conditions. Different model equations, like acceleratory growth-time curves, sigmoidal growth-time curves or Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK), acceleratory growthtime curves based on diffusion, geometric model growth-time curves, and nth order growth-time curves were fitted. Among all growth models, the JMAK model with = 1 − e−(kt)n , and n = 1 was the best fitting model with the MATLAB interactive curve-fitting procedure were used. Errors associated with the best-fitting model and statistics for the goodness of fit were analyzed. Most of the models were not as good as the other than the proposed model. The errors associated with the proposed model were minimal, and the growth kinetics and other associated statistical factors are very similar, for all the variables investigated. The minimal error associated with the reproducibility and the similar data for growth kinetics for all studied parameters indicated that microfluidic-assisted combinatorial synthesis can be used in the industrial production of QDs. By using the proposed model to obtain an understanding of growth of QDs, their size and properties can be managed and simulated.