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Sex Ratio at Birth and Son Preference in China
Baochang Gu,Yongping Li 한국인구학회 1994 한국인구학 Vol.17 No.2
China's population and family planning program has been successful. Women's fertility as measured by total fertility rate (TFR) has declinedfrom 5.8 in 1970 to 2.3 in 1990, accordingly the annual crude birth rate(CBR) has declined from 34 per thousand in 1970 to 21 per thousand in1989, and the annual natural growth rate from 2.6 percent in 1970 to 1.4percent in 1989 (Coale and Chen, 1987; SSB, 1991; Gu, 1994). While this is indeed an astonishing achievement for a developing country to have itsfertility down to replacement within a short period, some new issuesemerging along with the rapid fertility decline require carefulconsiderations. One of them is the uprising of the sex ratio at birth inChina. The 1990 population census reported the sex ratio at birth inChina of 113.8 in 1989, which is obviously much higher than the acceptablelevel of normal ratio around 106. It has received since then a lot of tention in China and abroad, among demographic professionals andgovernmental agencies alike (Hull, 1990; Johansson and Nygren, 1991; Xuand Guo, 1991; Tu, 1993; Gu and Xu, 1994; among others). Based on theavailable demographic data and research results this paper will first havea review of the patterns and trends of sex ratio at birth in China, thenturn to the immediate causes of abnormal sex ratio at birth and thedeterminants of the son preference, followed with a conceptual frameworkfor understanding of the phenomenon, and finally the policy implicationsand recommendations will be discussed.
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Sex Ratio at Birth and Son Preference in China
Gu, Baochang,Li, Yongping The Population Association of Korea 1994 한국인구학 Vol.17 No.2
China's population and family planning program has heen successful. Women's fertility as measured by total fertility rate (TFR) has declined from 5.8 in 1970 to 2.3 in 1990, accordingly the annual crude birth rate(CBR) has declined from 34 per thousand in 1970 to 21 per thousand in 1989, and the annual natural growth rate from 2.6 percent in 1970 to 1.4 percent in 1989 (Coale and Chen, 1987; SSB, 1991; Gu, 1994). While this is indeed an astonishing achievement for a developing country to have its fertility down to replacement within a short period, some new issues emerging along with the rapid fertility decline require careful considerations. One of them is the uprising of the sex ratio at birth in China. The 1990 population census reported the sex ratio at birth in China of 113.8 in 1989, which is ohviously much higher than the acceptable level of normal ratio around 106. It has received since then a lot of tention in China and abroad, among demographic professionals and governmental agencies alike (Hull, 1990; Johansson and Nygren, 1991; Xuand Guo, 1991; Tu, 1993; Gu and Xu, 1994; among others). Based on the available demographic data and research results this paper will first have a review of the patterns and trends of sex ratio at birth in China, then turn to the immediate causes of abnormal sex ratio at birth and the determinants of the son preference, followed with a conceptual framework for understanding of the phenomenon, and finally the policy implications and recommendations will be discussed.
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The Robust Derivative Code for Object Recognition
( Hainan Wang ),( Baochang Zhang ),( Hong Zheng ),( Yao Cao ),( Zhenhua Guo ),( Chengshan Qian ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2017 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.11 No.1
This paper proposes new methods, named Derivative Code (DerivativeCode) and Derivative Code Pattern (DCP), for object recognition. The discriminative derivative code is used to capture the local relationship in the input image by concatenating binary results of the mathematical derivative value. Gabor based DerivativeCode is directly used to solve the palmprint recognition problem, which achieves a much better performance than the state-of-art results on the PolyU palmprint database. A new local pattern method, named Derivative Code Pattern (DCP), is further introduced to calculate the local pattern feature based on Dervativecode for object recognition. Similar to local binary pattern (LBP), DCP can be further combined with Gabor features and modeled by spatial histogram. To evaluate the performance of DCP and Gabor-DCP, we test them on the FERET and PolyU infrared face databases, and experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a better result than LBP and some state-of-the-arts.
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Youhong Sun,Yongping Yu,Baochang Liu 국제구조공학회 2015 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.56 No.3
In this paper, the nonlinear static response of curled cantilever beam actuators subjected to the one-sided electrostatic field is focused on. By assuming the deflection function of electrostatically actuated beam, analytical approximate solutions are established via using Galerkin method to solve the equilibrium equation. The Pull-In voltages which determine the stability of the curled beam actuators are also obtained. These approximate solutions show excellent agreements with numerical solutions obtained by the shooting method and the experimental data for a wide range of beam length. Expressions of these analytical approximate solutions are brief and could easily be used to derive the effects of various physical parameters on MEMS structures.
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Hongli Yu,Hao Wu,Yaozong Pan,Xiuyun Ge,Qian Zhang,Fagen Zhu,Baochang Cai 대한약학회 2015 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.38 No.10
The present study aimed at investigating thealum-processing mechanism attenuating toxicity of AraceaePinellia ternata and Pinellia pedatisecta. Animalretroperitoneal inflammatory model in vivo andmacrophagocyte release inflammatory factor model in vitrowere used to detect the effect of alum processing onraphides and lectin. Scanning electron microscopy wasused to observe the change in raphides during processing;HPLC method was used to determine the correlation betweenthe dissolution and corrosion of raphides and ion inthe alum solution; 27Al-NMR technology was used to detectthe relationship between aluminum oxalate complexformation and the dissolved and corrosion of raphides. Thechange in protein peptide sequence of lectin during theprocessing of alum solution was determined by ShotgunLC–MS assay. Raphides induced severe rabbit conjunctivaledema and an intraperitoneal injection of lectin increasedPGE2 and protein in mice peritoneal exudate, whiledecreased after treatment with alum solution processing. During the processing raphides was dissolved and corroded,then its structure was damaged. Raphides was soaked inthe alum solution and significantly decreased the oxalatecontent, and the effect was related with Al3? in the alum. Al3? in the alum combined with C2O42- of raphides into astable complex compound promoted the dissolution ofcalcium oxalate. Raphides soaked in the alum made lectinproteins dissolve, whereas protein peptide sequence oflectin was changed and the protein structure was damaged. Conclusion: Alum solution could decrease the toxicity ofP. ternata (Thunb.) Breit. and P. pedatisecta Schott. Sinceit made a special crystal structure of raphides damage andthe protein of lectin dissolve. The structure of toxic substancessignificantly changed, which decreased the inflammatoryeffect.
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Family History of Cancer and Head and Neck Cancer Risk in a Chinese Population
Huang, Yu-Hui Jenny,Lee, Yuan-Chin Amy,Li, Qian,Chen, Chien-Jen,Hsu, Wan-Lun,Lou, Pen-Jen,Zhu, Cairong,Pan, Jian,Shen, Hongbing,Ma, Hongxia,Cai, Lin,He, Baochang,Wang, Yu,Zhou, Xiaoyan,Ji, Qinghai,Zho Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.17
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate whether family history of cancer is associated with head and neck cancer risk in a Chinese population. Materials and Methods: This case-control study included 921 cases and 806 controls. Recruitment was from December 2010 to January 2015 in eight centers in East Asia. Controls were matched to cases with reference to sex, 5-year age group, ethnicity, and residence area at each of the centers. Results: We observed an increased risk of head and neck cancer due to first degree family history of head and neck cancer, but after adjustment for tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and betel quid chewing the association was no longer apparent. The adjusted OR were 1.10 (95% CI=0.80-1.50) for family history of tobacco-related cancer and 0.96 (95%CI=0.75-1.24) for family history of any cancer with adjustment for tobacco, betel quid and alcohol habits. The ORs for having a first-degree relative with HNC were higher in all tobacco/alcohol subgroups. Conclusions: We did not observe a strong association between family history of head and neck cancer and head and neck cancer risk after taking into account lifestyle factors. Our study suggests that an increased risk due to family history of head and neck cancer may be due to shared risk factors. Further studies may be needed to assess the lifestyle factors of the relatives.
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