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Palayam Balasundaram Sakthivel,Nalarajan Balasaravanan 대한토목학회 2023 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.27 No.11
This study evaluates the level of energy absorption of sisal fiber reinforced ferrocement (SFRFC) slab elements of size 300 mm × 300 mm × 25 mm) (thickness) through low-velocity impact tests. The slabs are reinforced with 2 and 3 layers of steel weld mesh as primary reinforcement; and the sisal fibers of short and long fiber length, S-FL = 20 mm and L-FL = 40 mm(respectively) of varying volume fraction, (FVf of = 0.25 − 1.00%) act as secondary reinforcement.The compressive, split-tensile strength and flexural strength of hardened sisal fibrous mortar and plain (control) mortar specimens are determined and presented. The initial impact energy absorption (IIEA) and ultimate impact energy absorption (UIEA) of SFRFC slabs were found to be higher than ferrocement (FC-control) slabs (reinforced with 2 and 3 layers of steel mesh) demonstrating the effective contribution of sisal fibers in improving the performance of ferrocement slabs. When the length of the sisal fibers was increased from 20 mm to 40 mm in SFRFC slab elements (in hybrid combinations of steel mesh of 2 − 3 layers and fiber volume fraction of 0.25 − 1%), the impact resistance has increased several-fold over FC-control slabs. The composite compressive strength (CCS) of SFRFC has substantially increased when sisal fibers (of short and long fibers) of fiber volume fraction (FVf = 0.25 − 1%) are added to FC-control slab elements. Statistical prediction models have been developed separately for three dependent variables, IIEA, UIEA and CCS keeping constant the four independent variables, mesh layers (ML), fiber volume fraction (FVf), fiber length (FL) and mortar compressive strength (MCS), and the predicted values matched with the experimental results, within the acceptable error range. This study has statistically established a significant relationship between UIEA and CCS of sisal fiber reinforced ferrocement (SFRFC) slab elements.
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Mohan Kumar Balasundaram,Mani Maran Ratnam 한국정밀공학회 2014 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol. No.
Common methods of in-process surface roughness measurement are capable of providing a limited number of amplitude parametersfor roughness assessment. This is mainly due to the averaging effect of the sensors used. In this work, we measured the amplitude,spacing, hybrid as well as functional surface roughness parameters during dry turning of AISI 1035 carbon steel using machinevision. A commercial DSLR camera with high shutter speed was used to capture a blur-free image of the workpiece surface profilediametrically opposite the cutting tool. The edge of the surface profile was detected to sub-pixel accuracy using the grey level invariantmoment and the roughness parameters were determined from the profile. The tool nose wear and machining time were correlated withamplitude, hybrid, and spacing surface roughness parameters, as well as the bearing area curve parameters. Three new roughnessparameters, namely average slope of profile peaks (Φp), average slope of profile valleys (Φv), relative length of peaks (Rrl), wereintroduced to study the effect of changes in tool nose micro geometry due to wear on the surface roughness. Among these newparameters Φp and Rrl showed better correlation with machining time and nose wear compared to all other parameters.
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Harikrishnan, Ramasamy,Balasundaram, Chellam,Kim, Man-Chul,Kim, Ju-Sang,Han, Yong-Jae,Heo, Moon-Soo Wiley (John WileySons) 2010 Journal of aquatic animal health Vol.22 No.4
<P>We investigated the effect of a mixed herb-enriched diet obtained from pomegranate Punica granatum, Dalmatian chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, and mastic-leaved prickly-ash Zanthoxylum schinifolium on innate immune mechanisms (e.g., phagocytosis activity, respiratory burst activity, alternative complement activity, lysozyme activity, and disease resistance) of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus against the scuticociliate Philasterides dicentrarchi. All experimental groups were challenged with P. dicentrarchi (1 x 10(5) ciliates/mL) through intraperitoneal administration of the pathogen (50 microL) on day 1. On day 7, the infected groups were fed 0, 5, 50, and 100 mg/kg of the enriched diets. The innate immune parameters, cumulative mortality, and relative percent survival (RPS) were assessed at weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4. Administration of 50 or 100 mg/kg of the herbal-enriched diet enhanced immunity throughout the experimental period. However, at the 5-mg/kg dosage, the enriched diet did not enhance the innate immune estimates at any time. At doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, administration of the diet preceding the challenge with P. dicentrarchi decreased the percentage cumulative mortality in the experimental groups and thereby increased RPS values. This study reports that administration of 50 or 100 mg/kg mixed herbal-enriched diet could positively influence the innate immune response to P. dicentrarchi and enhance the health status of olive flounder with respect to this microbe.</P>
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Harikrishnan, Ramasamy,Balasundaram, Chellam,Heo, Moon-Soo Elsevier 2010 FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY Vol.29 No.6
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>The effect of <I>Lactobacillus sakei</I> BK19 (10<SUP>8</SUP> cells g<SUP>−1</SUP>) supplemented diet fed to kelp grouper, <I>Epinephelus bruneus</I> against streptococcosis caused by <I>Streptococcus iniae</I> and <I>Streptococcus parauberis</I> with reference to the innate immune response and disease resistance was evaluated at 1, 2, and 4 weeks. Maximum reduction in mortalities was observed in kelper feeding the probiotic diet for two weeks after challenged with the pathogens when compared to the infected group fed with basal diet; similarly the cellular and humoral immune responses such as head kidney macrophage phagocytic and peroxidase activities, serum lysozyme activity, and total protein levels increased significantly. The results reveal that, in streptococcosis infected kelp grouper feeding <I>L. sakei</I> BK19 enriched diet affords a higher level of disease protection due to stimulation of immune system.</P>
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Harikrishnan, Ramasamy,Balasundaram, Chellam,Heo, Moon-Soo Elsevier 2010 FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY Vol.29 No.1
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Scuticociliatosis caused by about 20 species belonging to the Phylum Ciliophora has been recognized as an emerging problem inflicting significant economic loss in aquaculture industry in the world. Among these <I>Philasterides dicentrarchi</I>, <I>Miamiensis avidus</I>, and <I>Uronema marinum</I> are the three species responsible for scuticociliatosis in olive flounder farms of South Korea. Some of the parasites living or scavenger ciliates also have become parasites of aquaculture fish. The major clinico-pathological manifestations of scuticociliatosis infected fishes are anemia, weight loss, dark coloration, enteritis, excessive body mucus, yellowish intestinal mucus, loss of scales, hemorrhagic and/or bleached spots on the skin, and dermal necrotic lesions that finally destroy tissues lead to high mortalities. Affected fish exhibit organ-specific pathological changes in the brain, eyes, muscle, gills, liver, kidney, intestine, and stomach that lead to severe mortality. At present, farmers in South Korea manage scuticociliatosis by using therapeutic measures, such as application of antibiotics like oxytetracycline, gentamycine, tetracycline, amoxycililin, and cefazolin and chemicals, such as formalin, hydrogen peroxide, malachite green, and jenoclean at a concentration of 350 ± 150 ppm. However till date, no systematic scientific study has been conducted under field condition on the efficacy of these management measures. Under laboratory condition the ciliate can be effectively controlled with the antibiotics and chemicals while on the host, but on entering the host no systemic chemotherapeutic treatment has been yet proven effective. Furthermore the indiscriminate uses of harmful chemicals in aquaculture are increasingly becoming a cause of concern. Recently formalin and malachite green, the most widely used chemicals have been banned in food fish production by FDA as not consumer friendly and being carcinogenic respectively. Vaccines and immunostimulants can induce good immune response and protect against scuticociliatosis as it has been proved in the case of freshwater Ich. Now a days a number of probiotics and herbal formulations are in use against freshwater bacterial and fungal diseases, while, little information is available regarding the different prophylactic measures against marine scuticociliatosis. This review attempts to provide information on the various prophylaxic measures practiced against scuticociliatosis with special reference to olive flounder farms in South Korea.</P>
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Harikrishnan, R.,Balasundaram, C.,Heo, M.S. Academic Press 2010 FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY Vol.28 No.2
Goldfish, Carassius auratus (47 +/- 3 g, n = 300) were inoculated intramuscularly (50 μl) with Aeromonas hydrophila (1.8 x 10<SUP>6</SUP> cells ml<SUP>-1</SUP>). On the 6th day of post-infection the fishes were divided into i) control, without infection fed with normal diet (C), ii) infected fish, fed with normal diet (IU), and infected fishes treated with different doses of iii) 100 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, iv) 200 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, iv) 400 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> and vi) 800 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> mixed herbal extracts supplementation diets. Hematological and immunological parameters were determined on week 1, 2 and 4. In infected goldfish were fed diets containing 100 and 200 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> of mixed herbal extracts supplementation feeds, the white blood cell (WBC) levels significantly increased (P < 0.05) throughout the experimental trial compared to the control. During the experimental period, the red blood cell (RBC) and haemoglobin (Hb) level in goldfish significantly decreased (P < 0.05) when fish fed with 100 and 200 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> of mixed herbal extracts supplementation feeds while it was restored near control when infected fish fed with 400 or 800 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> of herbal extracts supplementation feeds. On the other hand, the haematocrit (Ht) values decline significantly (P < 0.05) in 100, 200 and 400 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> of mixed herbal supplementation feeding groups on weeks 2 and 4 when compared to control group. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values almost significantly differ from the control values. The infected goldfish and treated with 100 or 200 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> of herbal supplementation feeds exhibited significantly decline (P < 0.05) in total protein (TP), glucose (GLU) and cholesterol (CHO) levels on week 1-4 whereas it was restored when infected fish fed with 400 or 800 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> of herbal supplementation feeds on week 4. In comparison to untreated control goldfish, the respiratory burst activity and phagocytic activity of blood cells was significantly enhanced in infected fish feeding with 200, 400 and 800 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> of herbal supplementation feeds compared to the control. On the other hand, infected fish fed with all the doses of mixed herbal supplementation feeds, the lysozyme activity was significantly enhanced throughout the experimental period. This study shows that the infected goldfish treated with 400 and 800 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> of herbal supplementation feeds preceding the challenge with live A. hydrophila had 30% and 25% mortality. However, 100 and 200 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> of herbal supplementation feeds treated groups were found the percentage mortality 50% and 45%, respectively. Our results indicate that 400 or 800 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> of mixed herbal supplementation feeds were restored the altered hematological parameters and triggering the innate immune system of goldfish against A. hydrophila.
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Harikrishnan, R.,Balasundaram, C.,Heo, M.S. Academic Press 2011 FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY Vol.30 No.1
The effect of diet supplemented with Phellinus linteus fed for 30 days was investigated in grouper Epinephelus bruneus challenged with Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio carchariae; infected and treated fish had a significantly higher percent weight gain and feed efficiency. In groups fed with enriched diet and challenged with V. anguillarum and V. harveyi the mortality rate declined with a consequent rise in survival rate than with other pathogens. On the other hand, in groups fed with P. linteus enriched diet and challenged with V. anguillarum, V. harveyi, and V. alginolyticus the cellular and humoral immune responses, such as the alternative complement activity (ACH<SUB>50</SUB>), serum lysozyme activity, phagocytic activity (PA), phagocytic index (PI) significantly higher than in the control group. The respiratory bursts (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were found significantly enhanced when the groups fed with enriched diet against V. anguillarum and V. harveyi. The results reveal that kelp grouper fed for 30 days with P. linteus enriched diet had higher cellular and humoral immune response and disease protection from vibriosis than the group fed on basal diet with the protection linked to stimulation of immune system.
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Harikrishnan, Ramasamy,Balasundaram, Chellam,Moon, Young-Gun,Kim, Man-Chul,Kim, Ju-Sang,Dharaneedharan, Subramanian,Heo, Moon-Soo Akadémiai Kiadó 2010 ACTA VETERINARIA HUNGARICA Vol.58 No.1
<P>Goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) weighing 13 +/- 2 g were administered intramuscularly a sublethal dose (1.8 x 10 3 cfu/ml) of Aeromonas hydrophila to induce ulcerative dermatitis. On day 3 and day 6 after infection the fish were dip-treated (for 5 min/day) with a tri-herbal concoction of Curcuma longa, Ocimum sanctum and Azadirachta indica (1%). The LD 50 value was recorded at a concentration of 2.3 x 10 4 between 30 and 36 days after infection. In the infected untreated group the cumulative mortality was higher, while in the early-treated group (day 3) there was no mortality. In the late-treated group (6th day) the mortality increased to 23.3% on day 36. In the infected group the size of ulcers progressively increased from 43.3% of the body length on day 18 to 86.7% on day 36. In the early-treated fish the size of ulcers was 23.3% of the body length on day 18; by day 36 after treatment the ulcer had completely healed. In contrast, there was only a moderate recovery in the late-treated group. From the results it can be concluded that early tri-herbal treatment ensures successful recovery from ulcerative dermatitis induced by A. hydrophila .</P>
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