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      • THE IRIDIUM NETWORK FOR GLOBAL PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

        Pete Armbruster,Mala Laurin 에스케이텔레콤 (주) 1996 Telecommunications Review Vol.6 No.6

        The recent advances in the Low Earth Orbit(LEO) satellite communication systems are taking personnel communications to new heights. The IRIDIUM Communication System (ICS) is such a global personal communication system. The system is supported by a constellation of 66 satellites in low earth orbit 780 Km above the planet, a network of earth-based "Gateway" switching installations, and a ground station to control satellite commands and telemetry. The IRIDIUM system offers subscribers hand held wireless telephony to anyone, anytime, any place. The IRIDIUM Communication System is characterized by several distinguishing attributes, among which are the inter-satellite links in the constellation, its geographically controlled system access process and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) based telephony architectrue. GSM is a popular digital cellular standard which offers a Wealth of features to subscribers and is continuously being enhanced with new features. In addition, IRIDIUM System-unique processes are incorporated to manage the dynamic nature of the satellite constellation. This paper will provide an overview of the ICS and the system call processing fundamentals upon which the network services are implemented.

      • SCIESCOPUSKCI등재

        Nitrogen allocation of Gracilaria tikvahiae grown in urbanized estuaries of Long Island Sound and New York City, USA: a preliminary evaluation of ocean farmed Gracilaria for alternative fish feeds

        Johnson, Ronald B.,Kim, Jang K.,Armbruster, Lisa C.,Yarish, Charles The Korean Society of Phycology 2014 ALGAE Vol.29 No.3

        The red seaweed, Gracilaria tikvahiae McLachlan, was cultivated in open water farms in urbanized estuaries of Long Island Sound (26-30 psu of salinity) and New York City (20-25 psu), USA in 2011. Plants were harvested monthly from summer (August, $24^{\circ}C$) to fall (November, $13^{\circ}C$) and analyzed for total nitrogen, protein, and amino acid content. On a dry matter (DM) basis, nitrogen and protein significantly increased over the harvest period until October and then plateaued. Nitrogen increased from $22{\pm}1g\;kg^{-1}$ DM in August to $39{\pm}3g\;kg^{-1}$ DM in October (p < 0.001). Protein increased from $107{\pm}13g\;kg^{-1}$ DM in August to $196{\pm}5g\;kg^{-1}$ DM in November (p < 0.001). With two exceptions, amino acid concentrations expressed on a crude protein (CP) basis were similar over the harvest period. Essential amino acids accounted for $48{\pm}1%$ of all amino acids present with lysine and methionine averaging $56{\pm}2g\;kg^{-1}$ CP and $18{\pm}1g\;kg^{-1}$ CP, respectively. Histidine was underrepresented among essential amino acids and averaged $13{\pm}1g\;kg^{-1}$ CP. Taurine ranged from 2.1 to $3.2g\;kg^{-1}$ DM. With its moderate levels of lysine, methionine and taurine, ocean farmed G. tikvahiae has the potential of overcoming many nutrient deficiencies currently associated with terrestrial plant ingredients in alternative feeds for fish and shrimp.

      • KCI등재

        Nitrogen allocation of Gracilaria tikvahiae grown in urbanized estuaries of Long Island Sound and New York City, USA: a preliminary evaluation of ocean farmed Gracilaria for alternative fish feeds

        Ronald B. Johnson,김장균,Lisa C. Armbruster,CharlesYarish 한국조류학회I 2014 ALGAE Vol.29 No.3

        The red seaweed, Gracilaria tikvahiae McLachlan, was cultivated in open water farms in urbanized estuaries of Long Island Sound (26-30 psu of salinity) and New York City (20-25 psu), USA in 2011. Plants were harvested monthly from summer (August, 24°C) to fall (November, 13°C) and analyzed for total nitrogen, protein, and amino acid content. On a dry matter (DM) basis, nitrogen and protein significantly increased over the harvest period until October and then plateaued. Nitrogen increased from 22 ± 1 g kg-1 DM in August to 39 ± 3 g kg-1 DM in October (p < 0.001). Protein increased from 107 ± 13 g kg-1 DM in August to 196 ± 5 g kg-1 DM in November (p < 0.001). With two exceptions, amino acid concentrations expressed on a crude protein (CP) basis were similar over the harvest period. Essential amino acids accounted for 48 ± 1% of all amino acids present with lysine and methionine averaging 56 ± 2 g kg-1 CP and 18 ± 1 g kg-1 CP, respectively. Histidine was underrepresented among essential amino acids and averaged 13 ± 1 g kg-1 CP. Taurine ranged from 2.1 to 3.2 g kg-1 DM. With its moderate levels of lysine, methionine and taurine, ocean farmed G. tikvahiae has the potential of overcoming many nutrient deficiencies currently associated with terrestrial plant ingredients in alternative feeds for fish and shrimp.

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