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O&,apos,Doherty, S.,Rigby, M.,Mü,hle, J.,Ivy, D. J.,Miller, B. R.,Young, D.,Simmonds, P. G.,Reimann, S.,Vollmer, M. K.,Krummel, P. B.,Fraser, P. J.,Steele, L. P.,Dunse, B.,Salameh, P. K.,Harth, Copernicus GmbH 2014 Atmospheric chemistry and physics Vol.14 No.17
<P>Abstract. High-frequency, in situ observations from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE), for the period 2003 to 2012, combined with archive flask measurements dating back to 1977, have been used to capture the rapid growth of HFC-143a (CH3CF3) and HFC-32 (CH2F2) mole fractions and emissions into the atmosphere. Here we report the first in situ global measurements of these two gases. HFC-143a and HFC-32 are the third and sixth most abundant hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) respectively and they currently make an appreciable contribution to the HFCs in terms of atmospheric radiative forcing (1.7 ± 0.04 and 0.7 ± 0.02 mW m−2 in 2012 respectively). In 2012 the global average mole fraction of HFC-143a was 13.4 ± 0.3 ppt (1σ) in the lower troposphere and its growth rate was 1.4 ± 0.04 ppt yr−1; HFC-32 had a global mean mole fraction of 6.2 ± 0.2 ppt and a growth rate of 1.1 ± 0.04 ppt yr−1 in 2012. The extensive observations presented in this work have been combined with an atmospheric transport model to simulate global atmospheric abundances and derive global emission estimates. It is estimated that 23 ± 3 Gg yr−1 of HFC-143a and 21 ± 11 Gg yr−1 of HFC-32 were emitted globally in 2012, and the emission rates are estimated to be increasing by 7 ± 5% yr−1 for HFC-143a and 14 ± 11% yr−1 for HFC-32. </P>
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Adesoye Adenubi I,Apo Kayode A 한국작물학회 2015 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.18 No.3
Thirty-four accessions of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) collected from different localities across Nigeria were screened for variability in seed storage proteins. Globulin, albumin, and vicilin fractions were investigated by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and native PAGE. Both methods of analysis revealed a substantial degree of heterogeneity in the protein fractions. However, native PAGE produced fewer protein bands and profiles than SDS-PAGE. Although accessions exhibited significant similarity in their polypeptide profiles, differences in migration rate and staining intensities as well as presence / absence of specific bands accounted for variations obtained in the accessions examined. The absence of 10 kDa albumin subunit was specific to accessions 24, 25, 26, and 29 while the presence of 30.4 kDa vicilin was unique to accessions 5, 6, and 7. One major cluster of globulin band between two polypeptides 42.7 - 50 kDa, and two minor bands 31.4 and 16.2 kDa were observed. Protein fraction profiles were in most cases not similar among the accessions collected from same agroecological zone. This suggests that gene flow between the different zones must have occurred due to movement of germplasm and exchange of genetic material among farmers and markets. Groupings based on cluster analysis and polypeptide patterns agree and confirm the presence of duplicates within the accessions studied.
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Miguel Fdo. Salazar,María del Rocío Estrada Hernández,Erick Gómez Apo,Laura G. Chávez Macías,Carlos Alfonso Rodríguez Álvarez 대한병리학회 2015 Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine Vol.49 No.5
We report a unique case of a 4-year-old girl with an intriguing fibrohistiocytic tumour. Magnetic resonance imaging scans showed a dural mass of variegated intensity compressing the left occipital pole and apparently extending toward the superior sagittal sinus. Grossly, the cut surface of the surgical specimen was yellow, pale, and soft with reddish kernel-like crusts. Histologically, the yellow areas resembled cholesterol granulomas with widespread coagulative necrosis, cholesterol clefts, powdery calcification, foreign body-type giant cells, and foamy macrophages, while the scattered red spots contained numerous multinucleated giant cells of foreign-body and Touton types, the former with amphophilic to slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunoperoxidase reactions confirmed the expression of histiocytic markers and vimentin. As far as we know, no tumour displaying these peculiar morphological features has yet been described.
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Hydrochlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluorocarbon emissions in East Asia determined by inverse modeling
Stohl, A.,Kim, J.,Li, S.,O&,apos,Doherty, S.,Mü,hle, J.,Salameh, P. K.,Saito, T.,Vollmer, M. K.,Wan, D.,Weiss, R. F.,Yao, B.,Yokouchi, Y.,Zhou, L. X. Copernicus GmbH 2010 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol.10 No.8
<P>Abstract. The emissions of three hydrochlorofluorocarbons, HCFC-22 (CHClF2), HCFC-141b (CH3CCl2F) and HCFC-142b (CH3CClF2) and three hydrofluorocarbons, HFC-23 (CHF3), HFC-134a (CH2FCF3) and HFC-152a (CH3CHF2) from four East Asian countries and the Taiwan region for the year 2008 are determined by inverse modeling. The inverse modeling is based on in-situ measurements of these halocarbons at the Japanese stations Cape Ochi-ishi and Hateruma, the Chinese station Shangdianzi and the South Korean station Gosan. For every station and every 3 h, 20-day backward calculations were made with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART. The model output, the measurement data, bottom-up emission information and corresponding uncertainties were fed into an inversion algorithm to determine the regional emission fluxes. The model captures the observed variation of halocarbon mixing ratios very well for the two Japanese stations but has difficulties explaining the large observed variability at Shangdianzi, which is partly caused by small-scale transport from Beijing that is not adequately captured by the model. Based on HFC-23 measurements, the inversion algorithm could successfully identify the locations of factories known to produce HCFC-22 and emit HFC-23 as an unintentional byproduct. This lends substantial credibility to the inversion method. We report national emissions for China, North Korea, South Korea and Japan, as well as emissions for the Taiwan region. Halocarbon emissions in China are much larger than the emissions in the other countries together and contribute a substantial fraction to the global emissions. Our estimates of Chinese emissions for the year 2008 are 65.3±6.6 kt/yr for HCFC-22 (17% of global emissions extrapolated from Montzka et al., 2009), 12.1±1.6 kt/yr for HCFC-141b (22%), 7.3±0.7 kt/yr for HCFC-142b (17%), 6.2±0.7 kt/yr for HFC-23 (>50%), 12.9±1.7 kt/yr for HFC-134a (9% of global emissions estimated from Velders et al., 2009) and 3.4±0.5 kt/yr for HFC-152a (7%). </P>
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Park, Sunyoung,Li, Shanlan,Mü,hle, Jens,O&,apos,Doherty, Simon,Weiss, Ray F.,Fang, Xuekun,Reimann, Stefan,Prinn, Ronald G. Copernicus GmbH 2018 Atmospheric chemistry and physics Vol.18 No.16
<P>Abstract. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a first-generation ozone-depleting substance, and its emissive use and production were globally banned by the Montreal Protocol with a 2010 phase-out; however, production and consumption for non-dispersive use as a chemical feedstock and as a process agent are still allowed. This study uses the high frequency and magnitude of CCl4 pollution events from an 8-year real-time atmospheric measurement record obtained at Gosan station (a regional background monitoring site in East Asia) to present evidence of significant unreported emissions of CCl4. Top-down emissions of CCl4 amounting to 23.6±7.1 Gg yr−1 from 2011 to 2015 are estimated for China, in contrast to the most recently reported, post-2010, Chinese bottom-up emissions of 4.3-5.2 Gg yr−1. The missing emissions (∼19 Gg yr−1) for China contribute to approximately 54 % of global CCl4 emissions. It is also shown that 89 %±6 % of CCl4 enhancements observed at Gosan are related to CCl4 emissions from the production of CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CHCl3 and C2Cl4 and its usage as a feedstock and process agent in chemical manufacturing industries. Specific sources and processes are identified using statistical methods, and it is considered highly unlikely that CCl4 is emitted by dispersive uses such as old landfills, contaminated soils and solvent usage. It is thus crucial to implement technical improvements and better regulation strategies to reduce evaporative losses of CCl4 occurring at the factory and/or process levels. </P>
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Simmonds, P. G.,Rigby, M.,Manning, A. J.,Lunt, M. F.,O&,apos,Doherty, S.,McCulloch, A.,Fraser, P. J.,Henne, S.,Vollmer, M. K.,Mü,hle, J.,Weiss, R. F.,Salameh, P. K.,Young, D.,Reimann, S.,Wenger Copernicus GmbH 2016 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol.16 No.1
<P>Abstract. High frequency, in situ observations from 11 globally distributed sites for the period 1994-2014 and archived air measurements dating from 1978 onward have been used to determine the global growth rate of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH3CHF2). These observations have been combined with a range of atmospheric transport models to derive global emission estimates in a top-down approach. HFC-152a is a greenhouse gas with a short atmospheric lifetime of about 1.5 years. Since it does not contain chlorine or bromine, HFC-152a makes no direct contribution to the destruction of stratospheric ozone and is therefore used as a substitute for the ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). The concentration of HFC-152a has grown substantially since the first direct measurements in 1994, reaching a maximum annual global growth rate of 0.84 ± 0.05 ppt yr−1 in 2006, implying a substantial increase in emissions up to 2006. However, since 2007, the annual rate of growth has slowed to 0.38 ± 0.04 ppt yr−1 in 2010 with a further decline to an annual average rate of growth in 2013-2014 of −0.06 ± 0.05 ppt yr−1. The annual average Northern Hemisphere (NH) mole fraction in 1994 was 1.2 ppt rising to an annual average mole fraction of 10.1 ppt in 2014. Average annual mole fractions in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) in 1998 and 2014 were 0.84 and 4.5 ppt, respectively. We estimate global emissions of HFC-152a have risen from 7.3 ± 5.6 Gg yr−1 in 1994 to a maximum of 54.4 ± 17.1 Gg yr−1 in 2011, declining to 52.5 ± 20.1 Gg yr−1 in 2014 or 7.2 ± 2.8 Tg-CO2 eq yr−1. Analysis of mole fraction enhancements above regional background atmospheric levels suggests substantial emissions from North America, Asia, and Europe. Global HFC emissions (so called “bottom up” emissions) reported by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are based on cumulative national emission data reported to the UNFCCC, which in turn are based on national consumption data. There appears to be a significant underestimate ( > 20 Gg) of “bottom-up” reported emissions of HFC-152a, possibly arising from largely underestimated USA emissions and undeclared Asian emissions. </P>
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Miguel Fdo. Salazar,Paola A. Escalante Abril,Nubia L. López García,Mónica N. Madrazo Moya,Yadir U. Zamora Guerra,Yadira Gandhi Mata Mendoza,Erick Gómez Apo,Laura G. Chávez Macías 대한병리학회 2015 Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine Vol.49 No.4
We report a 50-year-old woman with no relevant clinical history who presented with headache and loss of memory. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a left parieto-temporal mass with annular enhancement after contrast media administration, rendering a radiological diagnosis of high-grade astrocytic neoplasm. Tumour sampling was performed but the patient ultimately died as a result of disease. Microscopically, the lesion had areas of glioblastoma mixed with a benign mesenchymal constituent; the former showed hypercellularity, endothelial proliferation, high mitotic activity and necrosis, while the latter showed fascicles of long spindle cells surrounded by collagen and reticulin fibers. With approximately 40 previously reported cases, gliofibroma is a rare neoplasm defined as either glio-desmoplastic or glial/benign mesenchymal. As shown in our case, its prognosis is apparently determined by the degree of anaplasia of the glial component.
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Inverse modelling of CF4 and NF3 emissions in East Asia
Arnold, Tim,Manning, Alistair J.,Kim, Jooil,Li, Shanlan,Webster, Helen,Thomson, David,Mü,hle, Jens,Weiss, Ray F.,Park, Sunyoung,O&,apos,Doherty, Simon Copernicus GmbH 2018 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol.18 No.18
<P>Abstract. Decadal trends in the atmospheric abundances of carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) have been well characterised and have provided a time series of global total emissions. Information on locations of emissions contributing to the global total, however, is currently poor. We use a unique set of measurements between 2008 and 2015 from the Gosan station, Jeju Island, South Korea (part of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment network), together with an atmospheric transport model, to make spatially disaggregated emission estimates of these gases in East Asia. Due to the poor availability of good prior information for this study, our emission estimates are largely influenced by the atmospheric measurements. Notably, we are able to highlight emission hotspots of NF3 and CF4 in South Korea due to the measurement location. We calculate emissions of CF4 to be quite constant between the years 2008 and 2015 for both China and South Korea, with 2015 emissions calculated at 4.3±2.7 and 0.36±0.11 Gg yr−1, respectively. Emission estimates of NF3 from South Korea could be made with relatively small uncertainty at 0.6±0.07 Gg yr−1 in 2015, which equates to ∼1.6 % of the country's CO2 emissions. We also apply our method to calculate emissions of CHF3 (HFC-23) between 2008 and 2012, for which our results find good agreement with other studies and which helps support our choice in methodology for CF4 and NF3. </P>
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Paola A. Escalante Abril,Miguel Fdo. Salazar,Nubia L. López García,Mónica N. Madrazo Moya,Yadir U. Zamora Guerra,Yadira Gandhi Mata Mendoza,Erick Gómez Apo,Laura G. Chávez Macías 대한병리학회 2015 Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine Vol.49 No.6
We report a 50-year-old woman with no relevant clinical history who presented with headache and loss of memory. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a left parieto-temporal mass with annular enhancement after contrast media administration, rendering a radiological diagnosis of high-grade astrocytic neoplasm. Tumour sampling was performed but the patient ultimately died as a result of disease. Microscopically, the lesion had areas of glioblastoma mixed with a benign mesenchymal constituent; the former showed hypercellularity, endothelial proliferation, high mitotic activity and necrosis, while the latter showed fascicles of long spindle cells surrounded by collagen and reticulin fibers. With approximately 40 previously reported cases, gliofibroma is a rare neoplasm defined as either glio-desmoplastic or glial/benign mesenchymal. As shown in our case, its prognosis is apparently determined by the degree of anaplasia of the glial component.
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